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{"id":1385,"date":"2014-07-13T21:13:16","date_gmt":"2014-07-13T21:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=1385"},"modified":"2014-07-13T21:18:11","modified_gmt":"2014-07-13T21:18:11","slug":"1385","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/yazilar\/1385\/","title":{"rendered":"Fethullah G\u00fclen Hocaefendi’nin Bilinmeyen Bir Y\u00f6n\u00fc: Ders Ve Tedris Metodu – 3"},"content":{"rendered":"G<\/span>e\u00e7en say\u0131da yay\u0131mlanan bir makalede Fethullah G\u00fclen Hocaefendi\u2019nin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee ilimlerin de\u011fi\u015fik sahalar\u0131nda okuttu\u011fu kitaplar hakk\u0131nda \u2013bildi\u011fimiz ve ula\u015fabildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla- bilgi vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu yaz\u0131da ise, Hocaefendi\u2019nin ders ve tedris metodu \u00fczerinde durmak istiyoruz. \u00d6ncelikle belirtelim ki bu yaz\u0131, Hocaefendi\u2019nin \u201cvic\u00e2h\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d<\/b> diyebilece\u011fimiz ders ve tedris metodunu, huzurunun atmosferini, ufkunu, heyecan\u0131n\u0131 ve insiba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 enginli\u011fiyle sat\u0131rlara d\u00f6kmekten ve yans\u0131tmaktan uzakt\u0131r. Z\u00eer\u00e2 huzur ve huzurun varidat\u0131 bizzat ya\u015fan\u0131r, duyulur ve hissedilir. O iklimden istifade de \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n seviyesine, niyetine, konsantrasyonuna, herkesin istidad\u0131na v\u00e2bestedir. Bununla birlikte bir fikir vermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan muttali olabildi\u011fimiz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde muhterem Hocaefendi\u2019nin takip etti\u011fi ders ve tedris metodunu hecelemek istiyoruz. Genelde medreselerde ve bir m\u00e2n\u00e2da onlar\u0131n devam\u0131 diyebilece\u011fimiz ders meclislerinde ders ve tedris metodu; hocan\u0131n dersi takrir etmesi, talebelerin de dinlemesi ve soru-cevap \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fczakere etmesi \u015feklindedir. Yine bu usulde bir sonraki derste bir \u00f6nceki dersin hul\u00e2sas\u0131 verilerek yeni derse ge\u00e7ilir. Bunun yan\u0131nda medrese e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim sisteminde dersten sonra hocan\u0131n ders verdi\u011fi yerlerin, yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 (mu\u00eed) veya \u00f6nde gelen talebeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frencilere m\u00fczakere ettirilmesi de s\u00f6z konusudur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz il\u00e2hiyat e\u011fitiminde yayg\u0131n olan ders ve tedris metodu ise, genellikle hoca taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenciye takrir edilmesi, ders esnas\u0131nda sorulan sorulara cevap verilmesi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 veya s\u00f6zl\u00fc imtihandan ge\u00e7me \u015feklindedir. Medrese e\u011fitim sisteminde yeti\u015fen hocalardan ders alan Fethullah G\u00fclen Hocaefendi, yar\u0131m asr\u0131 ge\u00e7en tedris hayat\u0131nda talebenin seviyesine g\u00f6re bir us\u00fbl takip etmi\u015ftir\/etmektedir. Talebenin tedrisata yeni ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde daha \u00e7ok takrir usul\u00fc; dile ve \u00e2let ilimlerine vukufiyeti nispetinde ise ders halkas\u0131ndaki talebelerin dersi Hocaefendi\u2019ye arz etmesi \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Bu metodun pratik uygulamas\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Talebelerin derse gelmeden \u00f6nce m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe daha bilgili ve tecr\u00fcbeli bir veya birka\u00e7 talebenin rehberli\u011finde okunacak yere haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve dersi Hocaefendi\u2019nin huzurunda okumas\u0131, arz etmesi Hocaefendi\u2019nin de yer yer izahlarda bulunmas\u0131, sorulan sorulara cevap vermesi, uleman\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 i\u00e7inde kendi yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 eklemesi \u015feklindedir. Hocaefendi, bu ders usul\u00fcne tevazu ve mahviyetinin tabi\u00ee bir sesi olarak \u201cArkada\u015flarla kitap m\u00fczakere ediyoruz.\u201d dese de bir \u00fcstad-talebe ili\u015fkisinin oldu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphesizdir. M\u00fczakereyi, talebenin derste okunan konular\u0131 iyi takip ederek de\u011fi\u015fik eserlerle mukayese etmesinin yan\u0131nda aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, istifsar ve izah endeksli soru sormas\u0131 \u015feklinde anlamak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca Hocaefendi kendisine tevcih edilen hi\u00e7bir soruyu cevaps\u0131z b\u0131rakmamaktad\u0131r. Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in \u201cG\u00fczel soru ilmin yar\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d mealindeki had\u00eesinde buyurdu\u011fu gibi yerinde ve g\u00fczel soru sormak dersten istifade ad\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bu genel giri\u015ften sonra her bir ilim dal\u0131 ile ilgili takip edilen usule ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, ders halkas\u0131nda okunacak kitaplar\u0131n se\u00e7iminden ve dersin zaman\u0131ndan bahsetmek istiyoruz.<\/p>\n
\n

Kitaplar\u0131n Se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Fethullah G\u00fclen Hocaefendi, her i\u015finde oldu\u011fu gibi ders mevzuunda da insanlar\u0131n bir i\u015fe g\u00f6nl\u00fcyle y\u00f6nelmesine, isteyerek yapmas\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermekte ve hissiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmektedir. Bu itibarla da onlar\u0131n derse ve okunacak kitaba ilgisine \u00f6nem vermektedir. Hocaefendi, herhangi bir sahada kitap okutmak istedi\u011finde talebelerine \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cBu konuda \u015fu \u015fu \u00f6zellikte kitaplar var, bunlardan tercih etti\u011finiz birisini okuyabiliriz.\u201d dedi\u011fi gibi bazen de kendisinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir kitab\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinden bahsederek onu nazara verir. Mesel\u00e2, Kenz\u00fc\u2019l-Ummal\u2019\u0131n en kapsaml\u0131 had\u00ees kitaplar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu, ders kitab\u0131 olarak h\u0131zl\u0131ca okunabilece\u011fini de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda ifade etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle zaman i\u00e7erisinde talebelerin o kitaba ilgi duyup okuma i\u015ftiyak\u0131 izhar etmeleri \u00fczerine de ders kitab\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bazen de el-F\u0131khu\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee ve Edilletuhu kitab\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi talebelerin iste\u011finin Hocaefendi\u2019yle iktiran etmesi \u00fczerine okunmaya karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\n

Ders Okutma Zaman\u0131<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Dersler genelde sabah namaz\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fle namaz\u0131na kadarki zaman diliminde olur. \u00d6\u011fleden sonra da pek \u00e7ok zaman ders yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir d\u00f6nemde dersler, kahvalt\u0131dan bir m\u00fcddet sonra ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00f6\u011fleye kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. Bir ba\u015fka d\u00f6nem ise, sabah namaz\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015flan\u0131p arada kahvalt\u0131 molas\u0131 verildikten sonra devam etmi\u015ftir. Bir zaman, bunlara il\u00e2ve olarak sabah namaz\u0131ndan bir saat \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131p namaza kadar ders okundu\u011fu olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019l-Ahvez\u00ee bu \u015fekilde bitirilmi\u015ftir. Kenz\u00fc\u2019l-Ummal\u2019\u0131n on cildi bir ramazanda okunmu\u015ftur. Sabah, ak\u015fam, teravih namazlar\u0131ndan ve sahurdan sonra olmak \u00fczere g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 7\u20138 saat ders yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

Talebenin \u00d6nceden Derse Haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 Gelmesi<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Talebe derste okunacak kitaplara iyice \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; ibareleri \u00e7\u00f6zerek m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in de ba\u015fta M\u00fcncid, Mucemu\u2019l-Vas\u00eet, Lisanu\u2019l-Arap, T\u00e2cu\u2019l-arus gibi l\u00fcgatlere, tefsirlere, \u015ferhlere, f\u0131k\u0131h kitaplar\u0131na ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kaynaklara m\u00fcracaat ederek elden geldi\u011fince haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Derste okunacak metinlerde irab hatas\u0131 ve herhangi bir kelimeyi yanl\u0131\u015f okumamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Gerekti\u011finde bu konuda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitaplara m\u00fcracaat ederek haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ba\u015fta Kur\u2019\u00e2n \u00e2yetleri olmak \u00fczere had\u00ees metinlerinin do\u011fru okunmas\u0131 ve r\u00e2vilerinin isimlerinin do\u011fru telaffuz edilmesi Hocaefendi\u2019nin hassasiyetle \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu konulardand\u0131r. Bu husustaki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u201cArap\u00e7ay\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f okuyabilirsiniz; ama \u00e2yetleri yanl\u0131\u015f okumay\u0131n.\u201d Ba\u015fta b\u00f6yle bir haz\u0131rl\u0131kla derse gelen talebe Hocaefendi\u2019nin huzurunda metni okur, Hocaefendi dinler ve tashih edilmesi gereken yerlerde \u00e7ok nazik\u00e7e ve mahcup bir edayla do\u011frusunu f\u0131s\u0131ldar. Dersler esnas\u0131nda Hocaefendi, zaman zaman metin i\u00e7erisinde tahkik edilmesi gereken bir yerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onun \u00fczerinde \u0131srarla durur. O \u00e2nda o konu ile ilgili kaynak kitaplar\u0131 getirtir ve meseleyi onlardan izah eder. Veya bir sonraki derse yeti\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere kaynaklara bak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Okunan kitaplarda talebenin sordu\u011fu yerlere uleman\u0131n genel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sayg\u0131yla ifade ettikten sonra \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bakan y\u00f6nleriyle kendi yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 da seslendirir. Zaten derslerin en cazip y\u00f6nlerinden biri de Hocaefendi\u2019nin bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ve yorumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da talebelerin merak\u0131na, seviyeli soru sormas\u0131na ve ufkuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Z\u00eer\u00e2 Hocaefendi, konular\u0131 muhataplar\u0131n ufkunu, seviyesini ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 nazar-\u0131 itibara alarak izah etmektedir. Hocan\u0131n metni okuyarak a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 \u015feklindeki yayg\u0131n takrir usul\u00fc yerine b\u00f6yle bir ders okutma tekni\u011finin se\u00e7ilmesinin \u015f\u00fcphesiz pek \u00e7ok faydas\u0131 vard\u0131r. G\u00f6rebildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla bu y\u00f6ntem, talebeyi daha fazla dersin i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekmekte, daha aktif h\u00e2le getirmekte ve talebenin daha g\u00fczel yeti\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde seri bir metin okuyarak ders okuman\u0131n faydalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/i><\/b> Talebenin metin ve ibare korkusunu a\u015fmas\u0131, kitaplara \u00e2\u015fina olmas\u0131, Seri kitap okuma melekesini geli\u015ftirme, \u00c7ok daha fazla kitap ve metin okumay\u0131 temin etme, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee ilimlerin temel kitaplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 talebede g\u00fcven olu\u015fturma, \u0130limlere mahrut\u00ee bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve ansiklopedik bilgi kazand\u0131rma, Metin ve ibarelerdeki kavramlara, farkl\u0131 fikir ve kanaatlere, m\u00fcnazara ve metotlara talebeyi \u00e2\u015fina k\u0131lma\u2026<\/i><\/b> Bu \u015fekilde seri okuma talebeye \u00f6ncelikle neyin nerede oldu\u011funu bellemeyi, onun k\u00fcll\u00ee bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7 \u00e2n\u0131nda arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiye ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.2 Bu usulle yakla\u015f\u0131k 3\u20134 veya 2\u20133 saatlik bir derste 40\u201350 sayfa metin okunmaktad\u0131r. Bu arada Hocaefendi\u2019nin sab\u0131rla talebelerini dinlemesi, s\u0131k s\u0131k m\u00fcdahale etmemesi ders okutma tekni\u011fi ad\u0131na olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca Hocaefendi okunan yerlerin analitik bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla okunmas\u0131na da \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verir. Buna g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ifadesiyle \u201csorgulayarak okuma\u201d da denebilir. Fakat \u201csorgulama\u201d derken selef-i salihine, \u00e2limlere sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131na de\u011fil, yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n vahyin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na, dinin muhkemat\u0131na, rivayet kriterlerine, akl-\u0131 selime test ettirilerek okunmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n varidat\u0131n\u0131n da bu s\u00fczge\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7irilerek yeni yorumlara ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla birlikte talebenin okudu\u011funu anlamas\u0131, tahlil etmesi, hayat\u0131na hayat k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tabiat\u0131n\u0131n bir derinli\u011fi h\u00e2line getirip, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fcn diliyle seslendirmesi Hocaefendi\u2019nin s\u00fcrekli vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en temel hususlardand\u0131r. \u00c7ok m\u00fccbir sebep olmad\u0131k\u00e7a Hocaefendi\u2019nin ders halkas\u0131nda ba\u015flay\u0131p da bitiremedi\u011fi kitap yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Erg\u00fcn \u00c7apan – Cemal T\u00fcrk<\/p>\n

Yeni \u00dcmit Dergisi Genel Yay\u0131n Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc<\/p>\ntweet<\/a>