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{"id":1798,"date":"2014-10-16T10:52:29","date_gmt":"2014-10-16T10:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=1798"},"modified":"2014-10-16T10:52:29","modified_gmt":"2014-10-16T10:52:29","slug":"muspet-hareket-tarzi-olarak-sivil-itaatsizlik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/yazilar\/muspet-hareket-tarzi-olarak-sivil-itaatsizlik\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcspet Hareket Tarz\u0131 Olarak Sivil \u0130taatsizlik"},"content":{"rendered":"

S<\/span>ivil itaatsizlik<\/strong>; “i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131lan sistemi me\u015fr\u00fb kabul etmekle beraber yap\u0131lan haks\u0131z ve adaletsiz uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131 yasal imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n t\u00fckendi\u011fi noktada \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmadan bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l, sevgiyle ve vicdani bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulan, yani siyas\u00ee ve ahl\u00e2k\u00ee motivasyonu olan; ama sistemin yasalar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131; hedefleri belirli, hesaplanabilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir plan d\u00e2hilinde kamu vicdan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik, aleni bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen hareket”<\/em> diye tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n

Sivil itaatsizlik kanuni oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131yla ya\u015fanan hukuksuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131,militan bir tav\u0131r ve direni\u015f bi\u00e7imidir; ama son tahlilde, hukuksuzlu\u011fu ve haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gidermeyi hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir sistem de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi talebi yoktur. Yasal olmayan politik bir eylem ortaya konur; fakat bu devrim ve isyandan farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sorunu, sistem de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olarak de\u011fil de, g\u00f6rev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.\u00c7at\u0131\u015fma esnas\u0131ndaki tavr\u0131 sosyal davran\u0131\u015fla, hatta insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle e\u015f tutulacak \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Bu \u015fekilde bir tav\u0131rda, ki\u015finin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan, inan\u00e7 ve duygular \u00f6nemli rol oynar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarihten, dinden, geleneklerden, ge\u00e7mi\u015f m\u00fccadelelerden, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, ortak bellekten alan bir kamu vicdan\u0131, bir kamusal adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

Sivil itaatsizlikte, \u00f6ncelikle \u015fiddet yoktur: \u0130htar ve uyar\u0131larda bulunur; ama tehdit asla yap\u0131lmaz, yasal d\u00fczeltme yollar\u0131 t\u0131kal\u0131 oldu\u011fu kesinle\u015fince, en son y\u00f6ntem olarak sivil itaatsizli\u011fe ba\u015fvurulur. \u015eiddetsizlik sadece fiziki alanla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir, s\u00f6zel, psikolojik ve m\u00fclke kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet uygulamay\u0131 da reddeder. Fakat burada dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, \u015fiddetsizli\u011fin korkakl\u0131k ve \u00e7ekingenlik olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek gerekir; zira bu iki davran\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131, \u015fiddetten daha k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eiddetsizlik, temelde, olumsuz davran\u0131\u015flardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve olumlu davranmay\u0131 ve yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ncelemektir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, sivil itaatsizlik, bireysel ve toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi temin eden politik bir etik olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nc\u00fc sivil itaatsizler:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu tutum ve tav\u0131rlar\u0131n tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Hititler d\u00f6neminde kendileri daha y\u00fcksek bir yasaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Nabukadnezar’\u0131n yasalar\u0131na itaati reddeden Sedrach, Mesach ve Abed-Nego’ya kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bununla birlikte felsefe tarihinde ilk itaatk\u00e2r sivil itaatsiz olarak Sokrates g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kanuni oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenilen yasaya i\u00e7 tutum olarak itaat etmemi\u015f, g\u00f6zlemlenebilir d\u0131\u015f tutum olarak da bedelini can\u0131yla \u00f6deyerek yasay\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Henri David Thoreau’nun (1862) \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz risalesi “Devlete Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130taatsizlik \u00dczerine” bu konuyla do\u011frudan ilgilidir. Bu eseri, Hind d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ahimsa (\u015fiddetsizlik, t\u00fcm sevgi) ile ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131ran Mohandas Karam\u00e7and Gandhi, (1869-1948) \u0130ngiliz emperyalizmiyle m\u00fccadelesinin temel esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Gandhi, Bat\u0131 \u00fclkesinde hukuk e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve ilk defa G\u00fcney Afrika’da \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frayan Hintlilerin hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaba g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmadan ger\u00e7e\u011fe hizmet etmeyi ama\u00e7layan pasif direni\u015f ile savunmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde Thoreau, Gandhi, Martin Luther King gibi ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 etkilemi\u015f olan bireysel bir tutum ve tavr\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede toplumsal bir bilince nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6znellikten \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p nesnelle\u015fti\u011fine tarih \u015fahittir. (Herhangi bir zaman diliminde ve herhangi bir yerde “adaletsizlik yap\u0131l\u0131yorsa, adaletin her yerde tehlikede oldu\u011funu sevgi ve \u015fiddetsiz bir protesto ile kamuoyuna” bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve birle\u015ftirici bir tarzda duyurdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde Gandhi gibi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir liderin isminin T\u00fcrkiye siyasetinde ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 belli olan bir siyaset\u00e7i i\u00e7in ne kadar kolay kullan\u0131labildi\u011fini ve t\u00fcketildi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemek \u00fclkemizin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu ironi, \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131ca m\u00fczakere etmeye de\u011fer.)<\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli olan yanl\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6t\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa alet olmamakt\u0131r. E\u011fer bir \u015fey yasaya ra\u011fmen k\u00f6t\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, y\u00f6neticiye itaat veya sayg\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa alet olunamaz, bunun sonu hapis bile olsa b\u00f6yledir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan\u0131 haks\u0131z yere hapse atan bir y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir insan\u0131n as\u0131l yeri cezaevidir. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem tarihimizde bunun \u00f6rne\u011fi \u0130mam-\u0131 Azam Ebu Hanife, yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde ise Said Nursi, bu tutum ve tav\u0131r i\u00e7inde olmu\u015f \u00e2limlerimizdir.<\/p>\n

Bedi\u00fczzaman Said Nursi ve m\u00fcspet hareket<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nursi (1873-1960), hem Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131nda Me\u015frutiyet hem de T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131 ile birlikte y\u00f6netimlerin yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyor; ama her iki d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan haks\u0131z uygulamalara ve bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddete ve menfi bir harekete ba\u015fvurmadan \u00f6zg\u00fcvenli; fikri temeller \u00fczerine kurulu m\u00fcspet bir hareket tarz\u0131 ortaya koymaya gayret ediyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle resm\u00ee bir muhalefete imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, din\u00ee de\u011ferleri \u00f6nceleyenlerin siyasal s\u00fcrece kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n engellendi\u011fi, din\u00ee sembollere kar\u015f\u0131 sert \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tek Parti d\u00f6neminde; bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 onun sab\u0131rl\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir direni\u015fi tavsiye etmesi \u00f6nemlidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bireysel ve toplumsal yans\u0131malar\u0131 olan eylemleri ve \u015fiddeti reddeden, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen bu m\u00fcspet hareket tarz\u0131n\u0131n pasif ya da sivil itaatsiz bir muhalefet \u00f6rne\u011fi \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buradaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc \u015fudur: “Yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131k ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck \u015fahs\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ise, kendi hakk\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7me hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r, ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hukukunu \u00e7i\u011fneyenleri affetme hakk\u0131 yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc zulme ortak olur.”<\/p>\n

Eski ve Yeni Said d\u00f6nemlerini bu ba\u011flamda analiz etti\u011fimiz zaman bu tutum ve tavr\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u0130yili\u011fi emretmek, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten\/sefahatten sak\u0131nd\u0131rmak g\u00f6revini, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek yerine kalpleri birle\u015ftirmeyi aleni bir \u015fekilde yapmas\u0131n\u0131n en iyi \u00f6rne\u011fi Miran a\u015firet reisi ile olan diyalo\u011fudur. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin denetiminde de olsa, Miran a\u015fireti reisi Mustafa Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n haks\u0131z vergiler almas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek ve kendini kabul ettirmek, \u00f6nemli bir tav\u0131rd\u0131r. Eski Said diye nitelendirdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde 31 Mart vakas\u0131n\u0131 takiben tutuklan\u0131r ve mahkeme edilir. Verdi\u011fi savunmada g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, y\u00f6neticiye ve y\u00f6netim tarz\u0131na bir itiraz\u0131 yok, muhalefeti padi\u015fah bile olsa yap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamaya; yani zulmedir.<\/p>\n

Eski Said’den Yeni Said dedi\u011fi d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7i\u015fteki \u00f6rnek olaylardan biri \u015fudur: H\u00fck\u00fcmet, onu Burdur iline s\u00fcrg\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6ndermek ister. \u0130\u00e7lerinde silahl\u0131 gruplar ve e\u015fraf\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu halk, onu jandarmaya teslim etmek istemez, ama herhangi bir olay \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olur. Muhaliflere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin zor kullanma ve \u00e7eki\u015fme ile de\u011fil de, ikna ve ispat yolu ile olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen pe\u015f pe\u015fe tutuklanmalar ve hapisler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski\u015fehir’e, rejim aleyhtarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmak su\u00e7undan tutuklanarak g\u00f6nderilir. “Zulmen b\u00fct\u00fcn hukuk-u medeniyeden ve insaniyeden ve ya\u015fama hakk\u0131ndan mahrum edilmi\u015f” bir hayat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu uygulamalar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti ise kanunu uygulayan\u0131n zalim olmayaca\u011f\u0131, bilakis buna uymayan\u0131n asi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nermesi ile sa\u011flan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Bu iddiaya verdi\u011fi cevap, sivil itaatsizli\u011fin en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir uygulaman\u0131n kanuni olmas\u0131, \u00f6nce bunu vazedenlerin ona uymas\u0131 ve f\u0131trat ve vicdan ilkelerine uygunlu\u011fu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir, yoksa ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc f\u0131trata ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra be\u015fer f\u0131trat\u0131ndaki ilahi kanunu de\u011fi\u015ftirip hukukta e\u015fitlik ilkesi uygulan\u0131rsa, bunun \u00e7ok zor olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, son tahlilde, buna da raz\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. \u00d6nemli olan tam adaletin lehinde, zul\u00fcm, bask\u0131 ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn aleyhinde olmakt\u0131r. Oysa yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n kanunla hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur. Ayr\u0131ca kendilerinin uygulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (musavaat-\u0131 hukuk) ba\u015fkalar\u0131na uygulaman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131 da yoktur. Ama kendisine yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 siyasal \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren hi\u00e7bir davran\u0131\u015f i\u00e7ine girmemi\u015ftir. Nitekim \u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131na da kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc emr-i bi’l-maruf, nehy-i ani’l-m\u00fcnker ilkesi gere\u011fi dinsel ve etik bir temelden hareketle haks\u0131zl\u0131klara direnirken temel ilkesi de, en faydal\u0131 olan\u0131 talep etmek oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f, bunun i\u00e7in de her durumda a\u00e7\u0131k, net ve do\u011fru olmay\u0131 tercih etmenin zorunlulu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Vatana, millete ve asayi\u015fe zararvermemek temel ilke olunca, hi\u00e7bir gizli \u00f6rg\u00fct ve komitelerle ili\u015fkinin olmamas\u0131 da do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Afyon mahkemesinde sivil itaatsizlik \u00f6rne\u011finin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00e7\u00fc kez tutuklanan ve ya\u015f\u0131 ilerlemi\u015f bir alimi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fcrriyetlerden mahrum etmeye devam ediyor. Yirmi ay ceza al\u0131yor. Hapiste iken bir de zehirleniyor. Ama buna ra\u011fmen ‘E\u011fer \u00f6l\u00fcrsem, dostlar\u0131m intikam almas\u0131nlar.’ demeyi ihmal etmiyor. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, o, her durumda \u015fiddeti reddediyor, beddua bile etmiyor ve bar\u0131\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Nursi’ye g\u00f6re, bir sistem i\u00e7inde \u015fiddetli muhalifler olmas\u0131 do\u011fald\u0131r. Fikir h\u00fcrriyeti ve vicdan serbestli\u011fi ilkeleri gere\u011fince, bir k\u0131s\u0131m Risale-i Nur talebeleri, sisteme dokunmamak kayd\u0131yla, rejim ve usul\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc ilmen kabul etmeyebilir, muhalif olarak durabilir, ama onlara kanunen ili\u015filmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir \u015feyi reddetmek ayr\u0131d\u0131r, kalben kabul etmemek ayr\u0131d\u0131r, onunla amel etmemek tamamen ayr\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim, yap\u0131lan eylemlere bakar, kalpte olanlar ile ilgilenmez.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken nokta \u015fudur: Kanunda keyfilik her zaman olabilir veyahut bir idarecinin keyfi, kanun nam\u0131ndaki emirlerine fikren ve ilmen taraftar olmak gibi bir zorunlulu\u011fumuz da yoktur. Bireysel olarak onunla amel etmek de gerekmez. “Yanl\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn iyisini se\u00e7mek, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten yana karar vermek demektir.” diyerek “yanl\u0131\u015fa evet” dememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu ilke genelle\u015ftirilebilirse, hem siyaset hem de din\u00ee alanda bir\u00e7ok suistimaller ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc “K\u00f6t\u00fcyle ya\u015famak istemiyorsan, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapma ve yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 onaylama.” \u015feklindeki ilke, zaman, mek\u00e2n ve s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131maz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, Hasan Basri, Ebu Hanife ve Said Nursi gibi i\u00e7 dinginli\u011fini yakalam\u0131\u015f, bilge insanlar\u0131n suistimaller ve haks\u0131z uygulamalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilirsek, ehven-i \u015fer mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn az veya \u00e7ok olmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ol(a)mayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckle ya\u015famak istemeyen, az veya \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc diye bir ayr\u0131m yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcden yana tav\u0131r almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani m\u00fcspet hareket i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu zaman adaletli ve ahlakl\u0131 bir toplum olu\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Mevl\u00fct Uyan\u0131k\u2019\u0131n 20 Haziran 2010 tarihli Zaman Gazetesi\u2019ndeki Yorum Yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\ntweet<\/a>