Warning: include_once(wp-content\plugins\wp-super-cache/wp-cache-phase1.php): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php on line 20

Warning: include_once(): Failed opening 'wp-content\plugins\wp-super-cache/wp-cache-phase1.php' for inclusion (include_path='.:/opt/cpanel/ea-php70/root/usr/share/pear') in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php on line 20

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads125_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 8

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads120_90_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 129

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads120_60_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 250

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads120_600_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 372

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads120_240_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 493

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads160_600_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 613

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads300_600_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 721

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads250_250_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 830

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads300_100_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 942

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; ads300_250_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-ads.php on line 1054

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_video_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-video.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_posts_list has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-posts.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_login_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-login.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_google_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-google.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_widget_tabs has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-tabbed.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_flickr_photos has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-flickr.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_author_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-author.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; author_post_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-author.php on line 68

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_social_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-social.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_search has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-search.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_slider has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-slider.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; TIE_WeatherWidget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-weather.php on line 220

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_youtube_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-youtube.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_Latest_Tweets has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-twitter.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_timeline_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-timeline.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_facebook_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-facebook.php on line 7

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_categort_posts has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-category.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_news_pic has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-news-pic.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_text_html has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-text-html.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_feedburner_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-feedburner.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_soundcloud has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-soundcloud.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_author_custom has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-author-custom.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_Author_Bio has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-custom-author.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_authors_posts has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-authors-posts.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; tie_comments_avatar has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/widgets/widget-comments-avatar.php on line 6

Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; arqam_lite_counter_widget has a deprecated constructor in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/themes/sahifa/framework/functions/arqam-lite.php on line 736

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-content/advanced-cache.php:20) in /home/cihans5/kocar.org/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794
{"id":2543,"date":"2015-02-14T16:13:37","date_gmt":"2015-02-14T16:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=2543"},"modified":"2015-02-14T16:13:37","modified_gmt":"2015-02-14T16:13:37","slug":"sahabe-tabiun-ve-muhadramlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/yazilar\/sahabe-tabiun-ve-muhadramlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Sahabe, Tabi\u00fbn ve Muhadramlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

S<\/span>ahabe<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hz. Peygamber devrini idrak etmi\u015f, m\u00fcmin olarak sohbetinde bulunmu\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f kimselere sahabi denir.\u00a0 Gerek hadis rivayetinde ve gerekse inan\u00e7 ve amel olarak \u0130sl\u00e2m dininin m\u00fcteakip nesillere \u00f6\u011fretilmesinde ilk kaynak olmalar\u0131 ba-k\u0131m\u0131ndan sahabenin \u00f6nemi pek b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu sebepledir ki \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde her bir sahabi \u00fczerinde titizlikle durulmu\u015f, her birinin<\/p>\n

tercemesi yaz\u0131larak ciltler dolusu sahabe biyografileri meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130bn Sa\u2019d\u2019\u0131n (\u00f6. 230\/844) \u201cet-Tabak\u00e2t\u00fc,l-k\u00fcbra\u201ds\\, \u0130bn Abdi\u2019l-Berr\u2019in (\u00f6. 463\/1070) \u201cel-\u0130st\u00ee\u00e2b f ma\u2019rifeti\u2019l-ash\u00e2Fh, \u0130bnu\u2019l- Es\u00eer\u2019in (\u00f6. 630\/1232) “\u00dcsd\u00fcl\u011f\u00e2be f ma,rifeti,s-sah\u00e2be\u201dsi, \u0130bn Hacer el-Askal\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin (\u00f6. 852\/1448) \u201cel-\u0130s\u00e2be f temy\u00eezi,s-sah\u00e2be\u201ds], bug\u00fcn matbu olarak elimizde bulunan ve sahabe biyografilerine tahsis edilmi\u015f olan en me\u015fhur eserlerdir.<\/p>\n

Sahabi tabirini hadis\u00e7iler ve usulc\u00fcler farkl\u0131 olarak tarif etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Hadis\u00e7ilerin tarifi daha \u015fumull\u00fcd\u00fcr. Onlara g\u00f6re: \u201cAllah Ras\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) g\u00f6ren her M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, sahabidir.\u201d<\/strong> Bu hususta Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin (\u00f6. 256\/869) tarifi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan Hz. Peygamberle (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) sohbet eden veya onu g\u00f6ren kimse onun ashab\u0131ndand\u0131r.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 Ras\u00fblullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) ile sohbet eden ve onu g\u00f6ren sahabinin ayn\u0131 zamanda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lme” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 zikretmemi\u015ftir. Ancak daha sonraki muhaddisler, sahabeyi \u015f\u00f6yle tarif etmi\u015flerdir: \u201cSahabi, Ras\u00fclullah\u2019a m\u00fcmin olarak m\u00fclaki olan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6len kimsedir.\u201d<\/strong> Sahabi olmak i\u00e7in Hz. Peygamberi (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) bir an g\u00f6rmek k\u00e2fidir. Onunla uzun uzad\u0131ya oturmak, yolculuk veya gaza etmek ya da kendisinden hadis rivayetinde bulunmak \u015fart de\u011fildir.\u00a0 \u0130bnu\u2019l-Med\u00een\u00ee (\u00f6. 234\/849), talebesi Buh\u00e2r\u00ee (\u00f6. 256\/869) ve Ahmed b. Hanbel (\u00f6. 241\/855) bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ftedirler.<\/p>\n

Hz. Peygamber\u2019i (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), k\u00e2fir olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, onun vefat\u0131ndan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f kimse sahabi say\u0131lmaz<\/strong>.\u00a0 Bunun i\u00e7indir ki Kayser\u2019in el\u00e7isi sahabi say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131 (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) vefat\u0131ndan sonra, defninden \u00f6nce ona inanm\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6ren kimse M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lse bile sahabi say\u0131lmaz.\u00a0 Eb\u00fb Zueyb Huveylid b. H\u00e2lid el-Huzel\u00ee (\u00f6. 27\/648),\u00a0 Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) vefat\u0131n\u0131 haber al\u0131r almaz Medine\u2019ye gelerek onun namaz\u0131 ve defninde bulunmu\u015ftur. Fakat sa\u011f olarak g\u00f6remedi\u011fi i\u00e7in sahabi say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc vefat\u0131yla Ras\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) n\u00fcb\u00fcvveti sona ermi\u015ftir. Sahabi olmak i\u00e7in onu \u00e2lem-i \u015fehadette g\u00f6rmek \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hz. Peygamber\u2019e (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak kavu\u015ftu\u011fu h\u00e2lde sonradan irtidat eden ve m\u00fcrted olarak \u00f6len kimse sahabelikten \u00e7\u0131kar.\u00a0 \u0130rtidat, ge\u00e7mi\u015f sohbeti iptal edece\u011fi i\u00e7in Kurre b. Meysere\u00a0 ve el-E\u015f\u2019as b. Kays (\u00f6. 42\/662)\u00a0 gibi irtidat etmi\u015f olanlar sonradan \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a d\u00f6nerek ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6ld\u00fckleri h\u00e2lde yine sahabi say\u0131lmazlar.\u00a0 Ama irtidat etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde Ras\u00fblullah hayattayken tekrar \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a d\u00f6nen kimsenin sahabe kabul edilmemesi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir m\u00e2ni yoktur. Abdullah b. Ebi Serh (\u00f6. 36\/656) Mekke\u2019nin fethinden (9\/630) \u00f6nce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f, hicret etmi\u015f ve Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) vahyini yazm\u0131\u015f iken daha sonra irtidat etmi\u015ftir. Ancak Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hayatta iken tekrar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sahabeden say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sahabe olmak i\u00e7in Hz. Peygamber\u2019e (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) n\u00fcb\u00fcvvetten sonra m\u00fclaki olmak \u015fart m\u0131d\u0131r? Yoksa n\u00fcb\u00fcvvetten \u00f6nce onu g\u00f6ren ve Hanif olarak vefat eden kimseler de sahabi say\u0131lacak m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu meselede farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olanlar vard\u0131r. Mesela: Zeyd b. Amr b. N\u00fcfeyl<\/strong> cahiliye devrinde muvahhiddir. Dininin \u0130brahim dini oldu\u011funu bizzat kendisi ifade etmi\u015ftir. Ras\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) ona \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ama o bi\u2019setten \u00f6nce vefat etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 \u0130bn Mende (\u00f6. 470\/1077) onu sahabilerden sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde di\u011ferleri bunu kabul etmemi\u015f, n\u00fcb\u00fcvvetten sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak g\u00f6rmenin \u015fart oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.\u00a0 Ras\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n peygamber olarak g\u00f6nderilece\u011fine inanan rahip Buhayra <\/strong>da bi\u2019setten \u00f6nce vefat etti\u011fi i\u00e7in sahabi say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun durumu sahabenin tarifindeki \u201cPeygambere, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak m\u00fclaki olma ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lme\u201d \u015fart\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. Varaka b. Nevfel<\/strong> de ayn\u0131 sebeblerle sahabi say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Temyiz kudretine sahip olmayan ve Ras\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kendileri i\u00e7in dua etti\u011fi \u00e7ocuklar temyiz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na erdikten sonra Hz. Peygamberi (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerse sahabi say\u0131lmazlar.<\/p>\n

Hz. Muhammed\u2019e (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) bi\u2019setten sonra inanan ve fakat onu g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 bulamayanlar sahabi say\u0131lmay\u0131p, muhadram<\/strong> ismi alt\u0131nda tabi\u00fbnun b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden kabul edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Sahabiler, \u0130sl\u00e2m dininin korunmas\u0131, yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonraki nesillere \u00f6\u011fretilmesi u\u011frunda Hz. Peygamber\u2019le (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) birlikte omuz omuza d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ferek hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 feda etmede M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n en hay\u0131rl\u0131 nesli olarak kabul edilmi\u015flerdir. Nitekim bu husus Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) taraf\u0131ndan da ifade edilmi\u015f ve \u201c\u00dcmmetimin en hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131 benim muas\u0131rlar\u0131md\u0131r…\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 denilmi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de de sahabilerin s\u00f6z konusu edildi\u011fine \u015f\u00fcphe olmayan baz\u0131 ayetler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n meali \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201cSiz insanlar\u0131n (iyili\u011fi) i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en hay\u0131rl\u0131 \u00fcmmetsiniz; iyili\u011fi emreder, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten nehyedersiniz, Allah\u2019a da iman edersiniz…\u201d\u00a0 \u201c\u0130nsanlara \u015fahit olman\u0131z, peygamberin de size \u015fahit olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, biz sizi, orta (vasat) bir \u00fcmmet k\u0131ld\u0131k…\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cA\u011fa\u00e7 alt\u0131nda sana bey\u2019at etmeleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Allah m\u00fcminlerden ho\u015fnut olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6n\u00fcllerindekini bilmi\u015f, \u00fczerlerine huzur indirmi\u015f ve onlara, yak\u0131n bir fetih ve elde edecekleri pek \u00e7ok ganimet vermi\u015ftir.\u201d\u00a0 \u201cMuhacirlerden ve ensardan (\u0130sl\u00e2m yolunda) yar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleriyle, onlara g\u00fczellikle t\u00e2bi olanlardan Allah ho\u015fnut olmu\u015f, onlar da Allah\u2019tan ho\u015fnut olmu\u015flard\u0131r…\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBu ganimetler, yurtlar\u0131ndan ve mallar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan, Allah\u2019tan bir l\u00fctuf ve ho\u015fnutluk arayan, Allah\u2019a ve Ras\u00fcl\u00fcne yard\u0131m eden muhacir fakirlere aittir. \u0130\u015fte as\u0131l do\u011fru olanlar da bunlard\u0131r.\u201d\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0130slam tebli\u011fine ilk muhatab olan Mekkeliler, atalar\u0131ndan kendilerine intikal eden m\u00fc\u015frik inan\u00e7 ve \u00e2detlerini kaybetmek ve kendi itibar ve mevkilerini elden ka\u00e7\u0131rmak korkusuyla \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara i\u015fkenceler yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar. Bu i\u015fkencelerin tahamm\u00fcl edilmez bir h\u00e2l almas\u0131 \u00fczerine Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), inananlarla birlikte Medine\u2019ye hicret etti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Medinelilerin ekserisi, daha \u00f6nceden Hz. Peygamber\u2019le (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) temasa ge\u00e7erek \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f O\u2019na kucak a\u00e7maya s\u00f6z vermi\u015flerdi. Nitekim verdikleri s\u00f6zleri de bihakk\u0131n tuttular. Hicretle birlikte Sahabe-i Kiram da iki ana gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyordu: Muhacirler ve Ensar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem, muhacirlerden s\u00f6z ederken \u015f\u00f6yle buyuruyor: \u201c\u0130man edenler, hicret edenler ve Allah yolunda mallar\u0131yla ve canlar\u0131yla cihad edenler, Allah kat\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck dereceye sahiptirler. \u0130\u015fte as\u0131l kurtulu\u015fa erenler bunlard\u0131r.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130man edenler, hicret edenler ve Allah yolunda cihad edenler i\u015fte Allah\u2019\u0131n rahmetini umanlar bunlard\u0131r… Allah, \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131, \u00e7ok esirgeyicidir,\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c…Hicret edenlerin, \u00fclkelerinden s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar\u0131n, benim yolumda eziyet \u00e7ekenlerin, sava\u015fanlar\u0131n ve (sava\u015fta \u015fehit olarak) \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin, Allah kat\u0131ndan (yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n) sevab\u0131 olarak, kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 mutlaka \u00f6rtece\u011fim ve onlar\u0131 (a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131) alt\u0131ndan \u0131rmaklar akan cennetlere sokaca\u011f\u0131m. M\u00fck\u00e2fat\u0131n en g\u00fczeli Allah kat\u0131ndad\u0131r.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de ensar hakk\u0131nda da nazil olmu\u015f ayetler vard\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201cMuhacirler gelmezden \u00f6nce Medine\u2019yi yurt edinenler ve iman\u0131 kalblerine sindirmi\u015f olanlar, kendilerine hicret edenleri sever; muhacirlere verilen \u015feylerden dolay\u0131 i\u00e7lerinde bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k hissetmez; kendileri ihtiya\u00e7 i\u00e7inde olsalar bile, onlar\u0131 kendilerinden \u00f6nce tutarlar. Kim nefsinin cimrili\u011finden korunursa, i\u015fte onlar kurtulu\u015fa erenlerdir” <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130man edenler, hicret edenler, Allah yolunda cihad edenler ve (muhacirleri) bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p yard\u0131m edenler, i\u015fte hakk\u0131yla m\u00fcmin olanlar bunlard\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanma ve hudutsuz r\u0131z\u0131k onlar i\u00e7indir.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de Allahu Te\u00e2la\u2019n\u0131n medh u senas\u0131na mazhar olan muhacir ve ensar, k\u0131sacas\u0131 Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) ashab\u0131, daha sonraki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla k\u0131yaslanamayacak kadar \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu sebepten temel hadis kitaplar\u0131nda onlar\u0131n faziletlerine ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler tahsis edilmi\u015f ve bu faziletleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n, s\u00fcnneti bize intikal ettiren sahabeyi b\u00f6yle anlatmaktad\u0131r. Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hadislerinde ise sahabe hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle buyrulmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cAshab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda uygunsuz s\u00f6zler s\u00f6ylemeyin. E\u011fer sizden birinin Uhud Da\u011f\u0131 kadar alt\u0131n\u0131 olsa ve bunun tamam\u0131n\u0131 Allah yolunda infak etse, bu onlar\u0131n bir-iki avu\u00e7luk infak\u0131na hatta yar\u0131s\u0131na bile mukabil gelmez.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cAman ashab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemekten sak\u0131n\u0131n! Aman ashab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemekten sak\u0131n\u0131n. Zinhar benden sonra onlar\u0131 hedef almay\u0131n. Onlar\u0131 seven beni sevdi\u011fi i\u00e7in sever; onlara bu\u011fz eden, bana bu\u011fz etti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu\u011fz eder. Onlara eziyet veren bana eziyet vermi\u015f, bana eziyet verense Allah\u2019a eziyet etmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Allah\u2019a eziyet vereni de Allah hemen cezaland\u0131r\u0131r.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cY\u0131ld\u0131zlar sema i\u00e7in emniyet sebebidir (yani seman\u0131n emniyetini, nizam ve intizam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki nizam ve intizamlar\u0131d\u0131r). Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n nizam ve intizamlar\u0131 bozuldu\u011fu zaman, seman\u0131n d\u00fczeni bozulur ve sema i\u00e7in varid olan tehdit zuhur eder. Ben de ashab\u0131m i\u00e7in bir emniyet ve g\u00fcven kayna\u011f\u0131y\u0131m. (Hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u00fcrece ashab\u0131m aras\u0131nda nizam, intizam ve g\u00fcven devam edecektir.) Ben gitti\u011fim zaman ashab\u0131m i\u00e7in varid olan tehdit onlar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na gelecektir. Ashab\u0131m da umum \u00fcmmetim i\u00e7in bir emniyet ve g\u00fcven kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ashab\u0131m gidince de \u00fcmmetimin ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ok \u015fey gelecek ve \u00e7e\u015fitli gaileler a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n en hay\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131, benim \u015fu i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fum as\u0131rda ya\u015fayanlard\u0131r. Sonra onlar\u0131n pe\u015finden gelenler (tabi\u00fbn), daha sonra da onlar\u0131n pe\u015finden gelenler (tebe-i tabi\u00een) dir. Onlardan sonra (k\u00f6t\u00fc) bir nesil gelecek; birinin \u015fehadeti yeminini, yemini de \u015fehadetini ge\u00e7ecektir.\u201d\u00a0 \u201cAllah, kullar\u0131n\u0131n kalplerine bakt\u0131… Bakt\u0131 da Hz. Muhammedi se\u00e7ti ve mahl\u00fbkat\u0131na nebi olarak g\u00f6nderdi. Sonra da insanlar\u0131n kalplerine bakt\u0131 (ve ona \u00fcmmet olabilecek) onun ashab\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ti; onlar\u0131 dininin yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 ve Peygamberinin vezirleri yapt\u0131.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 Son olarak, Abdullah b. \u00d6mer (rad\u0131yallahu anh) ashab hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201cKim dosdo\u011fru bir yol tutup gitmek istiyorsa, \u015fu \u00f6l\u00fcp gidenlerin yolunu tutup gitsin. Zira onlar Hz. Muhammed\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) ashab\u0131d\u0131r. Allah Ras\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ashab\u0131 onun \u00fcmmetinin en hay\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar \u00fcmmet i\u00e7inde kalpleri en temiz, en duru, ilimleri en derin ve (kulluk ad\u0131na) tekell\u00fcften en uzak olanlard\u0131r. Allah\u2019a, o K\u00e2be\u2019nin Rabbine yemin olsun ki Allah Ras\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ashab\u0131 dosdo\u011fru bir yol \u00fczere idiler. \u201d<\/p>\n

T<\/span>abi\u00fbn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem, sahabeyi dile getirdi\u011fi bir ayette \u201conlara ihsanla t\u00e2bi olanlar\u201d<\/strong> diye bir topluluktan da bahseder ki pek \u00e7ok us\u00fblc\u00fcye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik as\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde fertleri bulunan bu topluluk k\u00fcmesi aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131ray\u0131 tabi\u00fbn nesli almaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Ayet-i kerimenin meali \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cMuhacirlerden ve ensardan ilkler ve ihsan \u015fuuruyla onlara t\u00e2bi olanlar var ya: Allah onlardan raz\u0131 oldu, onlar da Allah\u2019tan raz\u0131 oldu. Ve Allah onlara i\u00e7lerinde ebed\u00ee kalmak \u00fczere altlar\u0131ndan \u0131rmaklar akan cennetler haz\u0131rlad\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kazan\u00e7t\u0131r.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yoruma g\u00f6re ayet-i kerimede sahabe ile tabi\u00fbn bir arada ele al\u0131nmakta ve haklar\u0131nda Allah\u2019\u0131n onlardan, onlar\u0131n da Allah\u2019tan raz\u0131 olduklar\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc verilmektedir. Allah\u2019tan raz\u0131 olmak demek, O\u2019ndan gelen her \u015feyi cefas\u0131yla-safas\u0131yla bir kabul etmek ve her ikisini ayn\u0131 telakki edip h\u00fcsn-\u00fc kabulde bulunmak demektir. Bu seviyede Allah\u2019tan raz\u0131 olanlardan Allah da raz\u0131 olur. Allah\u2019\u0131n bir insandan raz\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc ise o insan\u0131n Allah\u2019tan hangi k\u0131vamda raz\u0131 oldu\u011fu veya olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesiyle do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte tabi\u00fbn nesli, t\u0131pk\u0131 selefleri olan sahabiler gibi hep r\u0131za-i ilahi ufkunu payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kimselerdir. Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u201cM\u00fcjdeler olsun beni g\u00f6r\u00fcp bana iman edene ve m\u00fcjdeler olsun beni g\u00f6renleri g\u00f6rene!\u201d<\/strong> \u015feklindeki s\u00f6zlerinde de ifade edildi\u011fi gibi tabi\u00fbn nesli sahabeye ihsan \u015fuuruyla t\u00e2bi olmu\u015f bir nesildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130hsan \u015fuuruyla t\u00e2bi olman\u0131n bir manas\u0131: \u0130nsan\u0131n herkesi kendisi gibi bilip \u00f6yle kabul etmesi, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n lezzet ve ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 vicdan\u0131nda duyup payla\u015fmas\u0131, azami derecede iyilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine sahip olup hi\u00e7bir m\u00fcmine kar\u015f\u0131 kalbinde kin ve hile ta\u015f\u0131mamas\u0131 demektir. Bu mana da Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle buyurulur:<\/p>\n

\u201cO (sahabeden, muhacir ve ensardan) sonra gelenler \u015f\u00f6yle derler: \u2018Rabbimiz, bizi, imanda bizi ge\u00e7en ve bizden \u00f6nce gelip de iman etmi\u015f bulunan karde\u015flerimizi ba\u011f\u0131\u015fla ve iman edenler i\u00e7in kalplerimizde en ufak bir g\u0131ll \u00fc g\u00ee\u015f b\u0131rakma! Rabbimiz muhakkak ki sen Raufsun, Rahimsin. \u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer manas\u0131 ise: Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) Cibril hadisi diye me\u015fhur olan s\u00f6zlerinde ifade ettikleri \u00fczere, \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyormu\u015fcas\u0131na O\u2019na kullukta bulunmak, her ne kadar biz O\u2019nu g\u00f6rmesek de O\u2019nun bizi devaml\u0131 g\u00f6zetledi\u011finin \u015fuuru i\u00e7erisinde bir kullukta bulunmakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 Pek \u00e7ok m\u00fcfessirin, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de sahabeye ihsan \u015fuuruyla t\u00e2bi olanlar\u0131 t\u00e2bi\u00fbn nesli olarak yorumlamas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mutlak fazilet, her zaman sahabeye ait olmakla birlikte, baz\u0131 husus\u00ee faziletlerde merc\u00fbh r\u00e2cihe terecc\u00fch edebilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan tabi\u00fbn i\u00e7inde, birtak\u0131m husus\u00ee fazilette sahabeye yeti\u015fen ve hatta baz\u0131 noktalarda bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7enler bile vard\u0131r. Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck delillerinden biri \u015fu durumdur: T\u00e2bi\u00fbn d\u00f6neminde toplumun her taraf\u0131n\u0131 kaplayan fitne salg\u0131nlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funluk: \u201cRabbimiz, Sana tevekk\u00fcl ettik, Sana y\u00f6neldik, Sana dayand\u0131k ve Sanad\u0131r d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f.\u201d\u00a0 inan\u00e7 ve \u015fuuru i\u00e7inde Allah\u2019a teslim olmay\u0131 bilmi\u015ftir. Hatta Allah\u2019a \u00f6yle bir tevecc\u00fch has\u0131l olmu\u015ftu ki Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019i d\u00f6rt g\u00fcnde, hatta bir gecede iki rekat namazda hatmedenler,\u00a0 sarar\u0131p soluncaya kadar oru\u00e7 tutanlar,\u00a0 mehafetten bay\u0131lacak gibi namaz k\u0131lanlar ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc secdede ge\u00e7irenler\u00a0 t\u00e2bi\u00fbn nesli i\u00e7inde bir yek\u00fbn te\u015fkil etmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Yine t\u00e2bi\u00fbnun ihsan \u015fuuruyla nas\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finmek gerekirse \u015funlar\u0131 kaydetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: Madd\u00ee cihaddan ziyade manev\u00ee cihad\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde onlar, hadiste cihad-\u0131 ekber ad\u0131n\u0131 alan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck cihad\u0131\u00a0 bir vazife bilmi\u015flerdir. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u00ee tabirle nefs-i emm\u00e2reden nefs-i levv\u00e2meye, oradan nefs-i r\u00e2diye, mardiye, mutmainne<\/strong> mertebelerine ula\u015fma ve \u201cAllah, onlardan raz\u0131 oldu onlar da Allah\u2019dan raz\u0131 oldu.” s\u0131rr\u0131na erme m\u00fccadelesi vermi\u015flerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin: Mesr\u00fbk (\u00f6. 63\/683), Mekke-i M\u00fckerreme\u2019de kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, sa\u011f veya sol yan\u0131n\u0131 yere koyup yatmam\u0131\u015f ve hep K\u00e2be kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda secdede uyumu\u015ftur. Hastaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman kendisine: \u201cBiraz dinlenmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmez misiniz?\u201d dediklerinde \u015fu cevab\u0131 vermi\u015ftir: \u201cAllah\u2019a yemin olsun ki g\u00e2ibden-semadan birisi gelse de bana \u2018Allah sana katiyyen azap etmeyecek.\u2019 dese, ben yine eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi ayn\u0131 ciddiyet ve azimle ibadet etmeye devam ederim.\u201d\u00a0 Mesr\u00fbk\u2019un bu s\u00f6zleri ile Hz. Peygamberin (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) \u2018Ey Ai\u015fe! Ben, \u015f\u00fckreden bir kul olmay\u0131m m\u0131?\u201d\u00a0 s\u00f6z\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki benzerlik a\u015fikard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ahmed b. Hanbel\u2019e (\u00f6. 241\/855) t\u00e2bi\u00fbnun en faziletlileri kimlerdir diye soruldu\u011funda; \u201cOsman en-Nehd\u00ee (\u00f6. 95\/713), Kays b. Ebi H\u00e2zim (\u00f6. 97\/715), Alkame (\u00f6. 62\/681) ve Mesr\u00fbk (\u00f6. 63\/683) gibilerini bilmiyorum.\u201d demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu say\u0131lan \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n hepsinin de muhadram olmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n faziletlerinin tescili ad\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

M<\/span>uhadramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Muhadram Kelimesinin S\u00f6zl\u00fck Anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arap\u00e7a, \u201cHAD-RA-ME\u2019 d\u00f6rt harfli basit fiilinden ism-i mef\u2019ul olan \u201cmuhadram\u201d, s\u00f6zl\u00fckte, s\u00fcnnet olmam\u0131\u015f adam, ac\u0131 m\u0131 tatl\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmeyen su, babas\u0131 beyaz oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde kendisi siyah olan \u00e7ocuk, nesebi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k insan, erkek davar eti mi yoksa di\u015fi davar eti mi oldu\u011fu bilinmeyen et, tats\u0131z yemek, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck r\u00fctbeli ki\u015fi, k\u00f6lenin do\u011furdu\u011fu \u00e7ocuk, anas\u0131 babas\u0131 bilinmeyen kimse gibi manalara gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu manalar\u0131n hepsinde durumu belli olmamak ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e2kim en-Neys\u00e2b\u00fbr\u00ee\u2019nin (\u00f6. 405\/1014) baz\u0131 me\u015fayihinden nakline g\u00f6re Asr-\u0131 Saadet\u2019te m\u00fc\u015frik Arap kabileleriyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda sava\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, bu kabilelerin i\u00e7indeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, kendilerinin di\u011fer m\u00fc\u015friklerden ay\u0131rdedilebilmelerini sa\u011flamak maksad\u0131yla, develerinin kulaklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kesiyorlard\u0131. Develerinin kulaklar\u0131n\u0131 kestikleri i\u00e7in bu kimselere \u201cmuhadrim\u201d denilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Bu bir lu\u011fat olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen muhaddisler ra\u2019n\u0131n fethas\u0131yla muhadram diye okumay\u0131 daha uygun bulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u201cmuhadrim\u201d denilmesinin \u201ccahiliye ve \u0130sl\u00e2m devrini g\u00f6ren kimse\u201d manas\u0131na geldi\u011finden daha do\u011fru oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle beraber \u201ck\u00fcf\u00fcrden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a giren\u201d manas\u0131nda muhadram \u015feklinde okunmas\u0131 daha me\u015fhurdur.<\/p>\n

Muhadram Kelimesinin Ist\u0131lah\u00ee Anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir h\u00e2l, durumun belli olmamas\u0131 gibi lugav\u00ee manalar\u0131yla irtibatl\u0131 olarak muhadram kelimesi, hadis us\u00fbl\u00fcnde; \u201cCahiliye ve Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) d\u00f6nemini idrak etmi\u015f olmakla birlikte onunla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015femeyen kimse\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 manas\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu tan\u0131ma g\u00f6re muhadram sahabi mi yoksa t\u00e2bi\u00ee mi oldu\u011fu belli olmayan kimsedir.<\/strong> Yani b\u00f6yle bir kimse Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) hayattayken onu g\u00f6remedi\u011fi i\u00e7in sahabi say\u0131lmamakta, onunla ayn\u0131 zaman dilimini payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 da di\u011fer t\u00e2bi\u00eelerden farkl\u0131l\u0131k arzetmektedir.\u00a0 Fakat bu isim, kelimenin hangi s\u00f6zl\u00fck manas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olursa olsun \u0131tlak olundu\u011fu kimselerin tarifi hususunda hadis\u00e7ilerle lu\u011fat\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lu\u011fat\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6re muhadram, \u201cyar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc cahiliyede, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da ister sahabeyi idrak etsin ister etmesin \u0130sl\u00e2m devrinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f kimsedir.\u201d\u00a0 Muallaka sahibleri Leb\u00eed el-Amir\u00ee ve K\u00e2\u2019b b. Z\u00fcheyr ile Hass\u00e2n b. S\u00e2bit el-Ens\u00e2r\u00ee, N\u00e2bi\u011fa el-Ca\u2019d\u00ee, Eb\u00fb Z\u00fceyb H\u00fczel\u00ee ve M\u00fctemmim b. N\u00fcveyra \u015fuara-i muhadram\u00eendendir. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re ise muhadram kelimesi, \u201ciki devleti (Abbas\u00ee- Emevi) idrak eden ki\u015fi\u201d\u00a0 olarak tarif edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Hadis\u00e7iler nazar\u0131nda ise \u201cMekke\u2019nin fethinden \u00f6nce kendi kavmini veya ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcf\u00fcr \u00fczere idrak eden kimsedir.\u201d Zira Araplar, Mekke\u2019nin fethinden sonra \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a tamamen d\u00e2hil olmu\u015flar ve art\u0131k \u201cCahiliye\u201d diye bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.\u00a0 Lugat\u00e7\u0131larla hadis\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki bu tarif farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6yle bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: Mesela, M\u00fcslim b. el-Hacc\u00e2c\u2019a g\u00f6re Y\u00fcseyr b. Amr (\u00f6. 85\/704) hicretten sonra d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011fi h\u00e2lde muhadram say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lu\u011fat\u00e7\u0131lar ise hadis\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re sahabi oldu\u011funda ittifak olan Hak\u00eem b. Hiz\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n (\u00f6. 54\/673)\u00a0 hem cahiliye hem de \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00f6nemini idrak etti\u011fi i\u00e7in muhadram oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu meselenin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in temel kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131zda muhadram kelimesinin hangi manalarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek yerinde olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0130bn Kuteybe\u2019ye (\u00f6. 276\/889) g\u00f6re: \u201c\u0130htiyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m\u0131 idrak edip de Hz. Peygamberin (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) vefat\u0131ndan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan kimseler\u2019dir. Mesela bunlardan C\u00fcbeyr b. N\u00fcfeyr (\u00f6. 80\/699),\u00a0 Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekr\u2019in (\u00f6. 11\/633) hilafeti zaman\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
  2. H\u00e2kim en-Neys\u00e2b\u00fbr\u00ee (\u00f6. 405\/1014) muhadram kelimesi i\u00e7in iki ayr\u0131 tarif vermektedir:<\/li>\n
  3. \u201cCahiliye ve Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) d\u00f6ne\u00acmini idrak etmi\u015f olmakla birlikte onunla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015femeyen kimseler.\u201d<\/li>\n
  4. \u201cCahiliyeyi idrak etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde Hz. Peygamber\u2019e (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) m\u00fclaki olamayan, onun vefat\u0131ndan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olup sahabe ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen kimseler.\u201d<\/li>\n
  5. \u0130bnu\u2019s-Salah\u2019a (\u00f6. 643\/1245) g\u00f6re: \u201cCahiliyeyi ve Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) d\u00f6nemini idrak edip M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f fakat onu g\u00f6rme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 yakalayamayanlar. \u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Osman Bilgen, Yeni Akademi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 \u201cO\u2019nu (Sallallahu Aleyhi Ve Sellem) G\u00f6remeyenler\u201d adl\u0131 kitaptan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sahabe Hz. Peygamber devrini idrak etmi\u015f, m\u00fcmin olarak sohbetinde bulunmu\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f kimselere sahabi denir.\u00a0 Gerek hadis rivayetinde ve gerekse inan\u00e7 ve amel olarak \u0130sl\u00e2m dininin m\u00fcteakip nesillere \u00f6\u011fretilmesinde ilk kaynak olmalar\u0131 ba-k\u0131m\u0131ndan sahabenin \u00f6nemi pek b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu sebepledir ki \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde her bir sahabi \u00fczerinde titizlikle durulmu\u015f, her birinin tercemesi yaz\u0131larak ciltler …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6],"tags":[614,688,209,686,687],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2543"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2543"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2546,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2543\/revisions\/2546"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}