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{"id":2741,"date":"2015-04-10T08:29:43","date_gmt":"2015-04-10T08:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=2741"},"modified":"2015-04-10T08:29:43","modified_gmt":"2015-04-10T08:29:43","slug":"oryantalizm-edward-said","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/yazilar\/oryantalizm-edward-said\/","title":{"rendered":"Oryantalizm – Edward Said"},"content":{"rendered":"“Oryantalizm’in kapsam\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, gerek tarih ve tecr\u00fcbe, gerekse felsefi ve siyasi temalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Oryantalizm konusunun b\u00fct\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131 \u00e7izilmektedir. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, “Oryantalist yap\u0131lar :Eski ve Yeni” geni\u015f kronolojik bir anlat\u0131m ve m\u00fchim \u015fair, sanat\u00e7\u0131 ve bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n eserlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ortak baz\u0131 ara\u00e7lara i\u015faret ile, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f oryantalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r. ” \u015eimdilerde Oryantalizm” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonundan yani 1870 den, Do\u011fudaki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci geni\u015flemesini konu edinerek II. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda son bulur. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Do\u011funun \u0130ngiliz -Frans\u0131z hegomonyas\u0131ndan Amerikan hegomanyas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015fi tasvir edilmektedir. Yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Amerika’daki oryantalizm konusundaki fikri ve sosyal geli\u015fmelerden ve ger\u00e7eklerden s\u00f6z edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Yazar bu eserinde Bat\u0131’l\u0131lar\u0131n Do\u011fu’yu ele al\u0131rken b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden ve varsay\u0131mlar\u0131ndan hareket ettiklerini, hayallerini konu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun bir Do\u011fu manzaras\u0131 ortaya koyduklar\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme gayretindedir. \u00c7ok defa Bat\u0131’1\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u015f vurarak ve Bat\u0131’l\u0131 eserlerden \u00f6rnekler vererek onlara g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi a\u011fz\u0131ndan itiraf ettiriyorlar.<\/p>\n
Misal: “Onlar\u0131n her \u015feylerini tahrip ettik, felsefeleri, dinleri mahvoldu, art\u0131k hi\u00e7bir \u015feye inanm\u0131yorlar, derin bir bo\u015flu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Anar\u015fi ve intihar i\u00e7in olgun bir hale geldiler…”<\/strong> Lovis Massignon<\/p>\n\n- Avrupa’l\u0131 i\u00e7in Do\u011fu, Avrupa’n\u0131n bir icad\u0131 olup, eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri insanlarda h\u00fclyalar uyand\u0131ran, garip izlenimler yaratan, kendine has yarat\u0131klar\u0131 ve manzaralar\u0131 ile fevkalade deneyimlere yol a\u00e7an bir yerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Amerikal\u0131’lar i\u00e7in Do\u011fu, Uzak Do\u011fu’dur. Ve \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in ve Japonya’d\u0131r. Amerika’l\u0131lar\u0131n aksine Frans\u0131z’lar ile \u0130ngiliz’ler ve onlar kadar olmasa da Alman’lar, Rus’lar, \u0130spanyol’lar, Portekiz’liler, \u0130talyan’lar,\u0130svi\u00e7re’liler uzun bir Oryantalizm gelene\u011fine sahiptirler.<\/p>\n
\n- \u015eark\u2019\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten, yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6ken, veya ara\u015ft\u0131ran kimseye \u015earkiyyat\u00e7\u0131 yada Oryantalist denir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyde Oryantalizm’dir.<\/li>\n
- Do\u011fu Avrupa’ya biti\u015fik bir kara olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, Avrupa’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck,en zengin ve en eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin bulundu\u011fu yerdir, kurdu\u011fu medeniyetlerin ve konu\u015ftu\u011fu dilin memba\u0131d\u0131r, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uzan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlisi Do\u011fu Avrupa’n\u0131n “kar\u015f\u0131t kalesi” olarak kendini tesisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Bu y\u00f6nleriyle Oryantalizm, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hatta ideolojik bir a\u00e7\u0131dan, arkas\u0131nda m\u00fcesseseler, kelimeler, ilim, tasvirler, \u00f6\u011fretiler hatta m\u00fcstemleke b\u00fcrokrasileri, m\u00fcstemleke usulleriyle kavramlar olan bir muhakeme bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n
Oryantalizmi bir muhakeme usulu olarak ele almaks\u0131z\u0131n ve do\u011fu hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylerken bu muhakemenin usullerine riayet etmeksizin muvaffak olmak yani Do\u011fu’yu politik, sosyolojik, askeri, ideolojik, bilimsel ve fikri bak\u0131mdan y\u00f6netmek imkan\u0131 yoktur. Yani Oryantalizm \u015eark s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda otomatik olarak devreye giren ve tesir icra eden menfaatler \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\n- Oryantalizm, Avrupa’n\u0131n Do\u011fu hakk\u0131ndaki bir uydurmas\u0131 de\u011fil, Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bilin\u00e7li v\u00fccuda getirilmi\u015f ve nesiller boyu hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r yat\u0131r\u0131mlara konu olmu\u015f bir teori ve pratikler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n
- Bilgi, kendini elde edeni bir be\u015fer olarak kendi \u015fartlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar edemiyor ise, \u015eark’\u0131 et\u00fct eden Avrupal\u0131 veya Amerikal\u0131 da Do\u011fu’nun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6nce bir Avrupal\u0131 yada Amerikal\u0131 sonra bir be\u015fer olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar edemez. Bu sebeple Oryantalizmdeki anlam,varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan Do\u011fu’yu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, se\u00e7ilir ve var k\u0131lan Bat\u0131 anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na ve Bat\u0131 anlat\u0131 tekniklerine bor\u00e7ludur. B\u00f6ylece Oryantalizm Do\u011fu’dan daha \u00e7ok Do\u011fu’yu icat eden Bat\u0131 idi ve kendisini ortaya koyan Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 idi.<\/li>\n
- Oryantalist Balfour\u2019un ifadelerine g\u00f6re, M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130ngiltere’nin bildi\u011fi nesnedir, \u0130ngiltere M\u0131s\u0131r’l\u0131lar\u0131n kendi kendini y\u00f6netemeyece\u011fini bilmektedir ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek bunu teyit etmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131r’l\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere’nin idari etti\u011fi peydir. M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyeti de \u0130ngiltere idaresine girmekle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n
- Balfour’a g\u00f6re Bat\u0131’l\u0131lar vard\u0131r, birde Do\u011fulular vard\u0131r. Birinciler h\u00fckmederler, \u00f6tekiler h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar, buda ekseriye \u00fclkelerin i\u015fgal edilmesi, i\u00e7 i\u015flerine tam m\u00fcdahale, can ve mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu yada bu Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn eline b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir.<\/li>\n
- Do\u011fulular hakk\u0131nda bilgi onlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimini kolay ve karl\u0131 k\u0131lan \u015feydir.<\/li>\n
- Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 seneler hatta y\u00fcz y\u0131llar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ke\u015fif seyahatleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ticaret ve sava\u015f vas\u0131tas\u0131yla temaslar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 18. yy.. ortas\u0131ndan itibaren do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ili\u015fkisinde iki ana \u00f6\u011fe vard\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
1) Do\u011fu hakk\u0131ndaki sistematik bilginin geli\u015fmesi ,<\/p>\n
2) Bat\u0131’n\u0131n tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p>\n