Sohbet, \u00f6rf-i l\u00fbgav\u00eede y\u00e2r u hemdem olmak manas\u0131na geldi\u011finden y\u00e2r u hemdeme S\u00e2hib denir. S\u00e2hib’in cem’i Sahb ve cem’\u00fcl-cem’i Ash\u00e2b’d\u0131r. S\u00e2h\u00e2be de \u015f\u00e2zz bir cem’ olarak Ash\u00e2b manas\u0131nad\u0131r[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>. Sahabeden bir ferd m\u00e2nas\u0131na Sah\u00e2b\u00ee de S\u00e2hib makam\u0131nda kes\u00eer\u00fc\u2019l-isti’m\u00e2ldir. Burada mevz\u00fb-\u0131 bahs olan sahabe Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.) Efendimiz’in d\u00eed\u00e2r-\u0131 b\u00e2 kem\u00e2liyle m\u00fc\u015ferref olup rivayetleri, m\u00fclakatlar\u0131, sohbetleri sabit olan bahtiy\u00e2r\u00e2n-\u0131 \u00fcmmettir.<\/strong><\/p>\n Sah\u00e2b\u00ee \u0131st\u0131l\u00e2h-\u0131 \u015fer’\u00eece Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.)’i m\u00fc’min olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve m\u00fc’min olarak vefat etmi\u015f kimsedir. Bu t\u00e2’rif H\u00e2f\u0131z \u0130bn\u00fc-Hacer-i Askal\u00e2n\u00ee’nin dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re ta’riflerin esahh\u0131 olup Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile \u015eeyhi \u0130m\u00e2m Ahmed \u0130bn-i Hanbel’in ve s\u00e2ir muhakkikinin muhtar\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130m\u00e2m Ahmed \u0130bn-i Hanbel: “Z\u00e2t-\u0131 Mukaddese-i Nebeviyye’ye bir sene, bir ay, bir g\u00fcn, bir saat hemdem olan, hatt\u00e2 yaln\u0131z g\u00f6ren kimse Sah\u00e2b\u00ee’dir.”<\/strong> demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bu tarife g\u00f6re kable\u2019l-\u00eem\u00e2n likas\u0131 sabit olmakla beraber ba’del-iman bir daha kendisine r\u00fc’yet nasip olmam\u0131\u015f bulunan m\u00fb’minlere Sah\u00e2b\u00ee denilemeyece\u011fi gibi z\u00fcmre-i cel\u00eele-i Ash\u00e2b id\u00e2d\u0131na d\u00e2hil olmu\u015fken \u0131y\u00e2zen bi’ll\u00e2hi Te\u00e2l\u00e2 irtid\u00e2d ile h\u00e2l-i riddetinde vefat etmi\u015f olanlar da[2]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> S\u00e2h\u00e2be de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Eb\u00ee Serh ile Kurre bin H\u00fcbeyre el-Ku\u015feyr\u00ee ve E\u015f’as bin Kays Kind\u00ee gibi ahd-\u0131 cel\u00eel-i Nebev\u00ee’de irtid\u00e2d edip b\u00e2deh\u00fb tekrar \u00eem\u00e2n etmi\u015f olanlara gelince: Bunlar\u0131n sohbeti hakk\u0131nda pek ziy\u00e2de m\u00fcn\u00e2ka\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Abdull\u00e2h bin Eb\u00ee Serh hakk\u0131ndaki hilaf \u00e7ok kav\u00ee de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o, feth-i Mekke’de demi heder edilmi\u015f iken s\u00fct biraderi Osman bin Aff\u00e2n (r.a.)’in \u015fefaatiyle mazhar-\u0131 afv olup hi\u00e7 olmazsa aff\u0131ndan sonraki sohbeti makbuld\u00fcr. Di\u011fer ikisine gelince: Onlar Ku\u015feyr ile Kinde kab\u00e2ilinden irtid\u00e2d edenlerle birlikte irtid\u00e2d edip Hal\u00eefe-i Evvel Eb\u00fb Bekr el-S\u0131dd\u00eek (r.a.)\u2019in huzuruna es\u00eeren getirilmi\u015f ve yeniden \u00eem\u00e2n etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130m\u00e2m Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe ile \u0130m\u00e2m \u015eafi\u00ee’ye g\u00f6re irtid\u00e2d m\u00e2sebakdaki amelleri ibt\u00e2l etti\u011finden, bu z\u00e2tlar da \u00eem\u00e2na avdet ettikten sonra \u015feref-i d\u00eed\u00e2r-\u0131 Ris\u00e2let- Pen\u00e2h\u00ee ile m\u00fc\u015ferref olamad\u0131klar\u0131ndan Sah\u00e2b\u00ee de\u011fillerdir. L\u00e2kin\u00a0 Muhaddis\u00eenin mu’temed\u00fcn-aleyh olan kavl-i sah\u00eehine g\u00f6re bunlar da sahabedendir. Ve E\u015f’as bin Kays’i muhaddisler hep S\u00e2h\u00e2be mey\u00e2n\u0131nda zikredip Had\u00eeslerini K\u00fct\u00fcb-i S\u0131h\u00e2h ve Mes\u00e2n\u00eed’e o s\u0131fatla dercetmekte beis g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n H\u00fcnef\u00e2’dan olan Zeyd bin Amr bin N\u00fcfeyl gibi kable’l-bi’se sohbet-i seniyye-i Muhammediyye’ye mazhar olup da zaman-\u0131 bi’sete yeti\u015fememi\u015f, yahut r\u00e2hib Bah\u00eer\u00e2 ile Vereka bin Nevfel gibi enbiy\u00e2-y\u0131 selefi musadd\u0131k olup (a.s.) Efendimiz’in ba’s buyurulacaklar\u0131na da \u00eem\u00e2n\u0131 olanlar acaba Sah\u00e2b\u00ee say\u0131l\u0131rlar m\u0131?<\/p>\n Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Mende, Zeyd ile Bah\u00eer\u00e2’y\u0131 o mey\u00e2nda zikretmi\u015f ve Zeyd hakk\u0131nda v\u00e2rid olan \u0627\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0639\u064e\u062b\u064f \u0627\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0648\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f = O, yevm-i k\u0131yamette tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u00fcmmet olarak b\u00e2\u2019s olunacakt\u0131r.” Had\u00ees-i \u015eerifini h\u00fcccet olarak sevk eylemi\u015ftir. Vereka fazla olarak ris\u00e2let zaman\u0131n\u0131 idr\u00e2k edemediyse de n\u00fcb\u00fcvvetin ev\u00e2ilini idrak edip \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc had\u00eesten m\u00e2’l\u00fbm olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Aleyhi’s-sal\u00e2t\u00fc ve’ s-sel\u00e2m Efendimiz’in kalb-i \u015feriflerine mehabeti Vahy’in verdi\u011fi havf ve heyecan\u0131 tesk\u00een i\u00e7in hayli teselliyet\u00e2miz s\u00f6zler s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Bundan dolay\u0131 Taber\u00ee, Bagav\u00ee, \u0130bn\u00fc-K\u00e2n\u00ee, \u0130bn\u00fc’ s-Seken ve S\u00e2h\u00e2be ter\u00e2cimini yazan di\u011ferleri onun da ismini S\u00e2h\u00e2be defterine kaydetmi\u015flerdir. Di\u011ferleri yaln\u0131z eyy\u00e2m-\u0131 b\u00ee’setteki sohbeti sohbet sayd\u0131klar\u0131ndan Zeyd ile Bah\u00eer\u00e2 gibilerini sahabeden addetmezler. Evl\u00e2d-\u0131 kir\u00e2m-\u0131 ris\u00e2letten, Hazret-i \u0130brahim bin Res\u00fbli’ll\u00e2hi (s.a.s.)’in ismini zikrederler de Kas\u0131m bin Muhammed (s.a.s.)’in ismini zikretmezler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hazret-i Kas\u0131m kable’l-bi’se vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bir de r\u00fc’yet ve m\u00fclakat\u0131n manas\u0131, m\u00fcmeyyiz olarak r\u00fc’yet ve m\u00fclakatt\u0131r. Sinn-i bul\u00fb\u011fdan evvel Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h salla llahu aleyhi ve sellem’i g\u00f6r\u00fcp hat\u0131rlayanlar \u015f\u00fcphesiz Sah\u00e2b\u00ee’dir. Hasan, H\u00fcseyin,. Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin ez-Z\u00fcbeyr (r.a.)\u00fcm gibi. L\u00e2kin S\u00e2h\u00e2be hazer\u00e2t\u0131ndan yeni do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 huz\u00fbr-\u0131 Ris\u00e2let-Pen\u00e2h\u00ee’ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp d\u00fc\u00e2 ettirmek, damaklar\u0131n\u0131 u\u011fdurmak (Tahnik), haklar\u0131nda niy\u00e2z-\u0131 berekette bulunmak mu’t\u00e2dlar\u0131 idi. Bu \u00e7ocuklardan sinn-i temy\u00eeze v\u00e2s\u0131l olduklar\u0131 zaman (a.s.) Efendimiz’i ref\u00eek-\u0131 a’l\u00e2ya iltihak buyurmu\u015f bulanlar S\u00e2h\u00e2be de\u011fildir. \u0130bn\u00fc-Hacer, bunlar, Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.) kendilerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131 haysiyetiyle S\u00e2h\u00e2be say\u0131l\u0131rlarsa da rivayetleri haysiyetiyle T\u00e2bi\u00een’dendirler diyor.<\/p>\n Cumh\u00fbr-\u0131\u00a0 muhaddis\u00eenin bu tariflerine kar\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer tarifler de varsa da \u0130bn\u00fc-Hacer-i Askal\u00e2n\u00ee bunlara \u015f\u00e2zz diyor.<\/p>\n Bir kere baz\u0131, us\u00fbl\u0131yy\u00fbnun ve mesel\u00e2 \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sabb\u00e2\u011f’\u0131n tarifine g\u00f6re Nebiyy-i Ekrem (s.a.s.)’e, m\u00fcl\u00e2ki olup nezd-i h\u00fcm\u00e2yunlar\u0131nda ik\u00e2met eden ve kendilerine t\u00e2bi’ olan kimseye Sah\u00e2b\u00ee denilip vif\u00e2det suretiyle huzura gelen ve m\u00fcs\u00e2habet ve m\u00fct\u00e2beat etmeksizin gidenlere Sah\u00e2b\u00ee ismi verilemez. Bunlar, Sah\u00e2b\u00ee’nin l\u00fcgat m\u00e2nas\u0131 da i\u015fte budur, diyorlar. Halbuki \u00f6rf-i l\u00fbgav\u00eece sohbetin az\u0131na da, \u00e7o\u011funa da sohbet denir. L\u00fbgata bak\u0131lacak olursa huzurda yaln\u0131z bir saat bulunmu\u015f olan z\u00e2ta Sah\u00e2b\u00ee denilebilir. M\u00e2h\u00e2z\u00e2 eimmenin isti’m\u00e2l-i \u00f6rf\u00eesine nazaran yaln\u0131z sohbeti tem\u00e2d\u00ee eden, m\u00fclakat\u0131 tev\u00e2l\u00ee eden kimseden ba\u015fkas\u0131na S\u00e2hib \u0131tlak edilmedi\u011finden bir saat beraber bulunan, beraberce bir ka\u00e7 ad\u0131m y\u00fcr\u00fcyen kimseye S\u00e2h\u00e2be denilmemek kavlini K\u00e2d\u00ee Eb\u00fb-Bekr Bak\u0131ll\u00e2n\u00ee ihtiyar ediyor.<\/p>\n Sa\u00eed bin El-M\u00fcseyyeb’in Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.)’in nezdinde bir iki sene ik\u00e2met etmemi\u015f, birlikte bir iki gazada bulunmam\u0131\u015f kimseyi Sah\u00e2b\u00ee addetmedi\u011fi rivayet olunuyor. \u0130bn\u00fc’l-M\u00fcseyyeb’in bu iddias\u0131 ehl-i Had\u00ees\u00e7e m\u00fcsellem de\u011fildir. Z\u00eer\u00e2 bu takdirde irtih\u00e2l-i Nebev\u00ee’den be\u015f ay mukaddem \u00eem\u00e2n etmi\u015f olan Cer\u00eer bin Abdi’ll\u00e2hi’l-Becel\u00ee (r.a)<\/strong>\u2019in Sah\u00e2b\u00ee say\u0131lmamas\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131m gelecek. Halbuki onun Sah\u00e2b\u00ee oldu\u011funda ittifak vard\u0131r. Zeyn\u00fc’d-D\u00een-i Ir\u00e2k\u00ee m\u00fc\u015far\u00fcnileyhin b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi\u011fi sah\u00eehan sabit olmuyor, diyor. \u0130sn\u00e2d’\u0131n r\u00e2v\u00eeleri mey\u00e2n\u0131nda Muhammed bin \u00d6mer el-V\u00e2k\u0131d\u00ee vard\u0131r ki hadisde zay\u0131f bir kimsedir. M\u00e2verd\u00ee de, bir Sah\u00e2b\u00ee ile Resul (a.s.) aras\u0131nda ihtisas bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu \u015fart\u0131 pek a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Di\u011fer tarifler bunlar kadar m\u00fchim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan zikirlerinden sarf-\u0131 nazar olundu.<\/p>\n Bir kimsenin Sah\u00e2b\u00ee oldu\u011fu bir ka\u00e7 tarik ile sabit olur:<\/p>\n 1 – Tevat\u00fcr ile. Eb\u00fb-Bekr, \u00d6mer, Osman, Al\u00ee, bakiyye-i A\u015fere-i M\u00fcbe\u015f\u015fere ve s\u00e2ir bir \u00e7oklar\u0131 (r.a.\u2019\u00fcm ecma\u00een) gibi.<\/p>\n 2 – \u0130stif\u00e2za yani Tevat\u00fcr derecesini bulmayan bir \u015f\u00f6hret ile. D\u0131m\u00e2m bin Sa’lebe ile Ukk\u00e2\u015fe bin M\u0131hsan (r.a.um\u00fb) gibi.<\/p>\n 3 – \u00c2h\u00e2d-\u0131 sahabenin ve-Askal\u00e2n\u00ee’nin dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00c2h\u00e2d-i T\u00e2bi\u00een\u2019in, fil\u00e2n\u0131n sohbeti vard\u0131r demesi ile ki bu “\u015eahs-\u0131 vahidin tezkiyesi makh\u00fbld\u00fcr.” kaidesine ibtin\u00e2 eder. Mesel\u00e2 Humeme bin Eb\u00ee Humeme ed-Devs\u00ee isminde bir z\u00e2t Hazret-i \u00d6mer’in eyy\u00e2m-\u0131 hil\u00e2fetinde Eb\u00fb-M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-E\u015f’ar\u00ee (r.a.) maiyyetinde \u0130sfahan’\u0131n fethinde bulunduktan sonra orada mebt\u00fbnen yani ishalden vefat etmi\u015fti. Eb\u00fb-M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-E\u015f’ar\u00ee onun hakk\u0131nda: “Va’ll\u00e2hi, Peygamberinizden mesm\u00fbumuz ve sem\u2019-i \u0131tt\u0131l\u00e2\u0131m\u0131za. v\u00e2s\u0131l olmu\u015f bir \u015fey varsa o da Humeme’nin \u015feh\u00eed olaca\u011f\u0131 idi” demi\u015f. Bundan, hem Humeme (r.a)\u2019in sohbeti, hem de mebt\u00fbnun \u015feh\u00eed oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n 4- Kendisinin Sah\u00e2b\u00ee’yim demesi ile L\u00e2kin bu takdirde kendisinin evvel be-evvel adaleti sabit ve Res\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.s.) Efendimiz’e mu\u00e2sarat\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmak \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar\u0131n her ikisi de m\u00fchimdir. Zira adaleti sabit olmadan: ben Sah\u00e2b\u00ee’yim, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmek, adaletini: ben adlim, iddias\u0131 \u00fczerine kabul etme\u011fe var\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc S\u00e2h\u00e2be ad\u00fbld\u00fcr. \u0130kinci \u015fart da \u00e7ok m\u00fchimdir. O kimsenin Asr\u0131-\u0131 Sa\u00e2det’de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit veya hi\u00e7 olmazsa o as\u0131rda ya\u015fayabilecek sinn-i vis\u00e2lde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hele 110 sene-i Hicriyesinden sonra bu d\u00e2vaya kalk\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hepsi bi\u2019l-ittifak k\u00e2zib addedilmi\u015flerdir, 110 senesinden sonra yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ber-hayat hi\u00e7bir sah\u00e2b\u00ee kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/strong>Bu yalan da’v\u00e2da bulunanlar\u0131n sonuncusu Reten-i Hind\u00ee’dir ki vefat\u0131 632 sene-i Hicriyesinde v\u00e2ki oldu\u011fu halde sohbet iddias\u0131nda ve uydurma riv\u00e2y\u00e2t ile bir k\u0131s\u0131m halk\u0131 i\u011ffale kalk\u0131\u015fmak c\u00fcr’etinde bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Sah\u00e2be-i kiram r\u0131dv\u00e2nu il\u00e2hi aleyhim hazer\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini, terc\u00fcme-i h\u00e2llerini, muk\u0131ll\u00eenden iseler rivayetinde infir\u00e2d ettikleri Had\u00eesleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in her as\u0131rda bir \u00e7ok himmetli zev\u00e2t-\u0131 kiram \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p m\u00fcstakil kitaplar da te’lif etmi\u015flerdir. Bu b\u00e2bda en evvel m\u00fcstakil eser yazan Eb\u00fb-Abdi’ll\u00e2h Muhammed bin \u0130sm\u00e2\u00eel Buh\u00e2r\u00ee (194-256) d\u0131r.[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’nin me\u015f\u00e2y\u0131h\u0131 tabakas\u0131ndan Hal\u00eefe bin Hayy\u00e2t (h. 240) ve K\u00e2tib\u00fc’l-V\u00e2k\u0131d\u00ee demekle m\u00e2ruf Muhammed bin Sa’d (h. 230) da S\u00e2h\u00e2be ile Sah\u00e2be’den sonraki ruv\u00e2t\u0131 c\u00e2mi’ olmak \u00fczere -az daha evvel- birer eser te’lif ettikleri gibi Buh\u00e2r\u00ee akran\u0131ndan Ya’k\u00fbb bin S\u00fcfy\u00e2n bin Cevv\u00e2n (h. 277) ile Eb\u00fb-Bekr bin Eb\u00ee-Hayseme (185 – 279) de birer kitap yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlardan sonra te’l\u00eefat art\u0131k tevali ediyor. En ma’r\u00fbflar\u0131 \u015fu zevata \u00e2iddir: H\u00e2f\u0131z-\u0131 Keb\u00eer Mutayyen (202-297), Eb\u00fc’l-K\u00e2s\u0131m Bagav\u00ee (214-310), Eb\u00fb-Bekr bin D\u00e2vud (230-316), Abdan (216-306), Eb\u00fb-Al\u00ee bin es-Seken (294-353), Eb\u00fb-Hafs bin \u015eahin (297-385), Eb\u00fb-Man-s\u00fbr-\u0131 M\u00e2verd\u00ee [yahud B\u00e2verd\u00ee?], Eb\u00fb-H\u00e2tim bin Hibb\u00e2n (h.354), Mu’cemlet s\u00e2hibi Taberani (260-360), Eb\u00fb-Abdi’ll\u00e2h bin Mende (310-395), Eb\u00fb-Nuaym-\u0131 Isbeh\u00e2n\u00ee (330-403), El-Ist\u00ee\u00e2b s\u00e2hibi Eb\u00fb-\u00d6mer bin Abdi\u2019l-Berr (368-463), o kitaba zeyil yazan Eb\u00fb-Bekr bin. Feth\u00fbn ile Eb\u00fb-M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-Med\u00een\u00ee (501-581); daha sonralar\u0131 \u00dcsd\u00fc’l-G\u00e2be s\u00e2hibi \u0130zz\u00fc’d-D\u00een bin el-Es\u00eer (555-630), bu kitab\u0131 ihtisar eden Eb\u00fb-Abdi’ll\u00e2h Zeheb\u00ee (673-748) ve el-\u0130s\u00e2be’sinden en \u00e7ok S\u00e2h\u00e2be ismi cem’ edebilen \u0130bn\u00fc-Hacer-i Askal\u00e2n\u00ee (773-852).<\/p>\n Muahhar olanlar mukaddem olanlar\u0131n \u00e2s\u00e2r\u0131ndaki nev\u00e2k\u0131s\u0131 ikm\u00e2l etmi\u015flerdir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck mecmualardan biri say\u0131lan \u0130bn\u00fc Abdi’l-Berr’in El-\u0130sti\u00e2b’\u0131nda 3500 Sah\u00e2b\u00ee ismi oldu\u011fu halde \u00dcsd\u00fcl-G\u00e2be’deki es\u00e2minin mecmuu 7554 ve El-Is\u00e2be’deki isimlerin mecmuu -sohbeti me\u015fk\u00fbk ve m\u00fcn\u00e2zeunfih olanlar\u0131nda isimleri d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere- 11783 d\u00fcr ki Sahabenin hak\u00eek\u00ee adetlerine nazaran devede kulak say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sahabenin Hepsi Ud\u00fbld\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n Fitnelere kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, kar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f S\u00e2h\u00e2be (r.a.)\u00fcm’\u00fcn k\u00e2ffesi m\u00fb’temed\u00fcn-bih olanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 ehl-i s\u00fcnnet ve cem\u00e2at eimmesinin icm\u00e2’\u0131 ile adillerdir. Fiten, Emir\u00fc’l-M\u00fc’min\u00een Osman (r.a.)’\u0131n vak’a-i dil-s\u00fbz \u015feh\u00e2deti ile ba\u015flay\u0131p ondan sonra Cemel, S\u0131ff\u00een ve s\u00e2ire o f\u0131tne-i uzman\u0131n f\u00fcr\u00fbu olarak art\u0131k tev\u00e2l\u00ee etmi\u015ftir. Bu vak’alarda Sah\u00e2be’nin b\u00e2z\u0131lar\u0131 mes\u00e2ff-\u0131 harbde kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya durmu\u015flar, ekseriyet-i uzm\u00e2 da birer kenara \u00e7ekilip hi\u00e7bir taraf\u0131 iltizam etmemi\u015flerdir. Muharib olanlar tab\u00ee\u00ee muktez\u00e2y-\u0131 h\u00e2l olarak yekdi\u011feri lehine s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylememi\u015fler, \u015f\u00eealar\u0131 yani tarafdarlar\u0131 ise herhangi hususlarda v\u00e2ki’ olan tarafgirliklerde oldu\u011fu gibi ta’nda metbu’lar\u0131 olan Sah\u00e2be’den daha ileriye var\u0131p nih\u00e2yet \u015e\u00eea (\u015e\u00eea-i Al\u00ee), Nev\u00e2s\u0131b (\u015e\u00eea-i Osman), Hav\u00e2ric, Rev\u00e2f\u0131z n\u00e2m\u0131n\u0131 alan tev\u00e2if-\u0131 m\u00fcbted\u0131a, muhalifleri olan taraftaki Ash\u00e2b-\u0131 Res\u00fbli’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.) adaletten isk\u00e2ta kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Halbuki bu vak’alarda hakl\u0131 olanlar da, haks\u0131z olanlar da birer g\u00fbn\u00e2 m\u00fcteevvil olup do\u011fru, yanl\u0131\u015f s\u00fbret-i zahirede kendilerini muhik g\u00f6sterecek birer h\u00fcccete temess\u00fck ediyor ve her iki taraf, hakk\u0131 seyf ile ihk\u00e2k etmek d\u00e2vas\u0131yle ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131nda muht\u00ee olan\u0131n mevz\u00fbr olmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun me’c\u00fbr, mus\u00eeb olan\u0131n ise iki kat me’c\u00fbr olaca\u011f\u0131 ma’l\u00fbmdur.<\/strong> Bir de acaba bu zevat\u0131n bu fiil ve hareketleri rivayetlerine m\u00fcessir olacak raddede miydi? Hakka’l-ins\u00e2f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse muhalifine i\u00e7tih\u00e2den isn\u00e2d-\u0131 ba\u011fy ederek onu ba\u015fka \u00e7\u00e2re olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sil\u00e2h kuvvetiyle hakka irca’ etmeyi yine i\u00e7tih\u00e2den vazife edinmek ile Kit\u00e2b ve S\u00fcnnet’i \u00fcmmete nakil ve tebli\u011f etmek hususunda hav\u00e2-y\u0131 nefse tebean tel\u00e2\u00fcb etmek ba\u015fka ba\u015fka m\u00e2nalard\u0131r. Birincisi v\u00e2ki’ ise Sah\u00e2be-i kiram hakk\u0131nda ikincisi elbette v\u00e2ki’ de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Fitenden \u0131’tiz\u00e2l etmi\u015f olanlara hi\u00e7bir diyecek yok ise de fitnelere i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f olanlar\u0131 da Ehl-i S\u00fcnnet h\u00fcsn \u00fc zanna bin\u00e2en ud\u00fbl sayarlar ve bu zev\u00e2t-\u0131 kiram\u0131n kendi mesmu’lar\u0131n\u0131, ma’l\u00fbmlar\u0131n\u0131 bile bile ta\u011fyir ve tahrif edebileceklerini, hatt\u00e2 zihinlerine u\u011fratamazlar.<\/p>\n H\u00e2t\u00eeb-i Ba\u011fdad\u00ee, Kif\u00e2ye’sinde: “Sah\u00e2be’nin adaleti All\u00e2hu Te\u00e2l\u00e2’n\u0131n onlar\u0131 ta’d\u00eel etmesiyle, p\u00e2k ve t\u00e2hir olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bize olan ihb\u00e2riyle, onlar\u0131 \u00fcmetn-i \u00e2lem i\u00e7inde ihtiyar ve istifa buyurmu\u015f olmas\u0131yla sabit ve ma’l\u00fbmdur. <\/strong>Hak Celle ve Al\u00e2 Hasretleri Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Ker\u00eem’inde:<\/p>\n buyurmu\u015ftur. Zikr ve \u00eer\u00e2\u00e2\u0131 burada uzun s\u00fcrecek daha bir \u00e7ok \u00e2y\u00e2t-\u0131 ker\u00eeme ve Ah\u00e2d\u00ees-i Me\u015fh\u00fbre-i Nebev\u00eeyye de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e2y\u00e2t-\u0131 ker\u00eeme ve ahb\u00e2r-\u0131 Nebev\u00eeyyenin k\u00e2ffesi onlar\u0131n adl olduklar\u0131na s\u00fbret-i kat’iyyede h\u00fckmetmeyi iktid\u00e2 edib hi\u00e7biri -kendisini All\u00e2hu Te\u00e2l\u00e2 ve Tekaddes Hasretleri ta’d\u00eel ve tezkiye buyurduktan sonra- mahl\u00fbk\u00eenden bir kimsenin ta’d\u00eeline muhta\u00e7 kalmaz.<\/strong> Maah\u00e2z\u00e2 e\u011fer Allah ile Res\u00fblu il\u00e2h’dan \u015fu zikretti\u011fimiz \u00c2y\u00e2t ve Ah\u00e2d\u00ees dah\u00ee bilfarz bize bali\u011f olmam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 onlar\u0131n hicret ila’llah, cih\u00e2d f\u00ee sebili\u2019ll\u00e2h, \u0130slama nusrat, c\u00e2n ve m\u00e2li feda, Allah yolunda \u00e2b\u00e2 ve ebn\u00e2y\u0131 katilden bile \u00e7ekinmemek, emr-i d\u00eende hay\u0131r-h\u00e2hl\u0131k, kuvvet-i \u00eem\u00e2n, kuvvet-i yak\u00een gibi ma’l\u00fbm olan h\u00e2l ve sanlar\u0131 kendilerini ta’d\u00eele, nekahetlerine mu’tekid olma\u011fa ve kendilerinden sonra gelmi\u015flerin ve o mey\u00e2nda kendilerini ta’d\u00eele kalk\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n k\u00e2ffesinden efdal olduklar\u0131na al\u00e2 ve\u00e7hi’l-kat h\u00fckmetmeyi yine v\u00e2cib k\u0131lard\u0131.. K\u00e2ffe-i ulem\u00e2n\u0131n ve s\u00f6z\u00fc mutedd\u00fcn-bih olanlar\u0131n mezhebi i\u015fte budur.” dedikten sonra Eb\u00fb-Z\u00fcr’a er-R\u00e2z\u00ee’ye kadar senedini sevkederek m\u00fc\u015f\u00e2r\u00fcn-ileyhin: “Bir kimsenin ash\u00e2b-\u0131 Res\u00fbli’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.)\u2019den birine kem nazarla bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrsen anla ki o kimse z\u0131nd\u0131kt\u0131r. Z\u00eer\u00e2 Resul hakt\u0131r. Kur’\u00e2n hakt\u0131r. Res\u00fbl’\u00fcn getirdi\u011fi de hakt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n hepsini bize tebl\u00ee\u011f eden sahabedir. Bu her\u00eefler ise Kit\u00e2b ve S\u00fcnnet’i iptal i\u00e7in \u015fuh\u00fbdumuzu tecr\u00eeha kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Halbuki zen\u00e2d\u0131ka olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in cerh olunmak as\u0131l kendilerine yara\u015f\u0131r.” <\/strong>dedi\u011fini rivayet eder.<\/p>\n \u0130bn\u00fc-Hacer-i Askal\u00e2n\u00ee Is\u00e2be\u2019sinin mukaddimesinde Hat\u00eeb’in bu s\u00f6zlerini naklettikten sonra \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: “Sahabenin tafd\u00eeli hakk\u0131nda v\u00e2rid olmu\u015f ah\u00e2d\u00ees-i \u015ferife pek \u00e7oktur. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde maks\u00fbdumuza en a\u00e7\u0131k del\u00e2let edeni Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Mugaffel (r.a)\u2019in Tirmiz\u00ee ile Sah\u00eeh-i \u0130bn\u00fc-Hibb\u00e2n’da, rivayet olunan \u015fu Had\u00ees-i merf\u00fbudur:<\/p>\n \u201cSak\u0131n sak\u0131n Ashab\u0131m aleyhinde bulunmay\u0131n\u0131z. Onlar\u0131 hedef-i ta’r\u00eez etmeyiniz. Onlar\u0131 her kim severse bana muhabbeti dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sever. Her kim de bu\u011fz ederse bana bu\u011fzu dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eder. Her kim onlara eza ederse bana ez\u00e2 etmi\u015f olur. her kim bana ez\u00e2 ederse Allah’ a ez\u00e2 etmi\u015f olur. Her kim de Allah’a ez\u00e2 ederse \u00e7ok s\u00fcrmez Allah onun bel\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 verir.”<\/strong> \u0130nteha.<\/p>\n Eb\u00fb-Muhammed bin Hazm de:<\/p>\n \u00c2yet-i ker\u00eemesi ile<\/p>\n \u00c2yet-i Ker\u00eeme’sinden bi\u2019l-istidl\u00e2l b\u00fct\u00fcn sahabe-i kiram hazer\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n ehl-i cennet olduklar\u0131na kat’ etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00e2k\u0131\u00e2 fukah\u00e2y-\u0131 M\u00e2likiyyeden \u00a0\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629= S\u0131k\u0131lliyye(Sicilye)li Eb\u00fb Abdi’ll\u00e2h-i M\u00e2zir\u00ee (453-536) B\u00fcrh\u00e2n \u015ferhinde: “S\u00e2h\u00e2be ud\u00fbld\u00fcr demekle Res\u00fblu’ll\u00e2h (s.a.s.)\u2019i yaln\u0131z bir g\u00fcn g\u00f6ren, yahut ara s\u0131ra ziyaret eden, yahut da bir i\u015f i\u00e7in m\u00fcl\u00e2ki olup hemen nezd-i \u00e2l\u00eelerinden savu\u015fub giden her ferdi kasdetmiyoruz. Sahabeden murad\u0131m\u0131z Z\u00e2t-\u0131 \u015eeriflerine m\u00fcl\u00e2zemeti olup<\/p>\n \u00c2yet-i Ker\u00eeme’si medl\u00fbl-i m\u00fcn\u00eefince Z\u00e2t-\u0131 Akdes-i Ris\u00e2let-Pen\u00e2h\u00eelerine kuvvetuzzahr olmu\u015f, nusrat etmi\u015f ve bihakk\u0131n m\u00fct\u00e2baatta bulunmu\u015f zev\u00e2t-\u0131 \u00e2liyedir) demi\u015f ise de bu kavli \u015f\u00e2zz i’tib\u00e2r edilmi\u015ftir. Zira dedi\u011fi derecede m\u00fcl\u00e2zemet \u015fart olsa V\u00e2il bin Hucr gibi, M\u00e2lik bin el-Huveyris gibi, Osman bin Eb\u00ee’l-As gibi v\u00fcf\u00fbd aras\u0131nda huz\u00fb\u00fc-\u0131 p\u00fcr-n\u00fbr kutsilerine var\u0131p pek az ik\u00e2metten sonra avdet etmi\u015f olmakla beraber sohbet ve rivayet ile me\u015fhur bir \u00e7ok sahabenin adaletine h\u00fckmedilemeyece\u011fi gibi A’r\u00e2b-\u0131 Kab\u00e2ilden nezd-i \u00e2l\u00ee-i nebev\u00eede ne kadar ik\u00e2met ettikleri gayri ma’l\u00fbm ve \u015fu kadar ki bir iki rivayeti ile sohbeti ma’l\u00fbm olanlar\u0131n da adaleti mevz\u00fb-i bahs olmak l\u00e2z\u0131m gelir ki um\u00fbmunun ta’d\u00eeli hakk\u0131ndaki cumhur kavl-i mu’teber\u00eene muhaliftir.<\/p>\n Sohbet-i Nebeviyye devlet-i ref\u00eeas\u0131na mu\u00e2dil tutulacak hi\u00e7bir faz\u00eelet mutasavver olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in o huz\u00fbr-\u0131 m\u00fcbarekte -ne kadar az olursa olsun- bulunmu\u015f bir kimseyi m\u00e2adas\u0131na tafd\u00eel etmek Hulef\u00e2y-\u0131 R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een zaman\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn sahabe mey\u00e2n\u0131nda mukarrer kav\u00e2idden biri idi. H\u00e2f\u0131z Askal\u00e2n\u00ee bu kaidenin mebn\u00e2s\u0131 olmak \u00fczere at\u00eedeki Had\u00eeslerle isti\u015fh\u00e2d eder: Eb\u00fb-Sa\u00eed-i\u00a0 Hudr\u00ee’nin Sah\u00eeheyne olan \u201c(Ash\u00e2b\u0131ma sebbetmeyiniz.) Nefsim yed-i kudretinde olan Allah’a kasem ederimki herhangi biriniz Uhud da\u011f\u0131 kadar alt\u0131n inf\u00e2k etse onlardan (Ashab\u0131mdan) birinin bir m\u00fcdd, hatt\u00e2 yar\u0131m m\u00fcdd sadakas\u0131na yeti\u015femez.\u201d<\/strong> Had\u00eesi; m\u00fctev\u00e2t\u0131r olan<\/p>\n N\u00e2s\u0131n en hay\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 benim karnimdeki m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlard\u0131r. Onlardan sonrada m\u00fcteakiben gelenlerdir.”<\/strong> Had\u00eesi,<\/p>\n Behz bin Hak\u00eem’in pederi tarikiyle ceddinden merf\u00fban rivayet etti\u011fi<\/p>\n \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0644 =<\/p>\n \u201cSizler yetmi\u015f \u00fcmmetin i\u00e7inden yetmi\u015finci olarak gelenisiniz ki hepsinin hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131 ve inda’ll\u00e2hi Azze ve Celli ekremi sizsiniz”<\/strong> Had\u00eesi[13]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>; Bezz\u00e2r’\u0131n M\u00fcsned’inde C\u00e2bir’den merf\u00fban merv\u00ee:<\/p>\n “All\u00e2hu Te\u00e2l\u00e2 benim Ashab\u0131m\u0131 Enbiy\u00e2 ve M\u00fcrselin m\u00fcstesna olmak \u00fczere ins ve cinnin k\u00e2ffesine terc\u00eeh buyurmu\u015ftur.” <\/strong>Had\u00eesi. S\u00fcfy\u00e2n-\u0131 Sevr\u00ee de<\/p>\n \u00c2yet-i Ker\u00eeme’sinin-tefsirinde-Allah’\u0131n istifa buyurdu\u011fu bu ib\u00e2d\u0131n Ash\u00e2b-\u0131 Muhammed (s.a.s.) olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. H\u00e2s\u0131l\u0131 bu manadaki ahb\u00e2r ve \u00e2s\u00e2r pek \u00e7oktur.<\/p>\n M\u00fcksir\u00een-i S\u00e2h\u00e2be<\/strong><\/p>\n S\u00e2h\u00e2be (r.a.)\u00fcm’\u00fcn m\u00fcksir\u00eeni y\u00e2ni \u00e7ok hadis rivayet edenleri i\u00e7inde binden ziy\u00e2de hadisi olanlar at\u00eedeki yedi z\u00e2tt\u0131r:<\/p>\n 1\u2014 Eb\u00fb-H\u00fcreyre (59?) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki 5374 hadis rivayet etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n 335\u2019i Sahiheyn\u2019da, 93\u2019\u00fc yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 189\u2019u yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, kalan 4757\u2019si de di\u011fer musannef\u00e2t-\u0131 Had\u00eesiyyede mezk\u00fbrdur. Eb\u00fb H\u00fcreyre’den ahzeden r\u00e2v\u00eeler sekizy\u00fczden ziyadedir. \u0130m\u00e2m-\u0131 \u015e\u00e2fi\u00ee onun hakk\u0131nda: “Kendi zaman\u0131nda hadis rivayet edenlerin ahfaz\u0131d\u0131r.” demi\u015ftir. H\u00e2kimin M\u00fcstedrek’inde merv\u00ee Zeyd bin Sabit (r.a)\u2019in Had\u00eesine g\u00f6re bir g\u00fcn kendisi, bir arkada\u015f\u0131, bir de Eb\u00fb H\u00fcreyre Huz\u00fbr-\u0131 p\u00fcr-n\u00fbr-\u0131 Nebev\u00ee’de bulunmu\u015flar. (a.s.) Efendimiz Hazretleri kendilerini taltifen: “Du\u00e2 ediniz” buyurmu\u015flar. Zeyd ile arkada\u015f\u0131 birer duada bulunmu\u015flar, (a.s.) Efendimizde dualar\u0131na \u00e2m\u00een buyurmu\u015flar. Sonra Eb\u00fb H\u00fcreyre: “Ya Rab, arkada\u015flar\u0131m ne diledilerse senden onu, bir de unutulmaz bir ilim dilerim.” diye d\u00fc\u00e2 etmi\u015f. Ona da \u00e2m\u00een buyurulmu\u015f.<\/p>\n Bunun \u00fczerine Zeyd ile arkada\u015f\u0131: Y\u00e2 Res\u00fbl\u00e2’llah, bunu bizde isteriz.” demi\u015flerse de” \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a=Hay\u0131r, \u015fu Devs’li delikanl\u0131 sizden evvel davran\u0131p ona nail oldu.” cev\u00e2b\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n 2\u2014 Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin \u00d6mer (h. 74) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki 2630 hadis rivayet etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n 170\u2019i Sahiheyn\u2019da. 81\u2019i yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de 31 i yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, 2348\u2019i ba\u015fka yerlerdedir.<\/p>\n 3\u2014<\/strong> Enes bin M\u00e2lik (90?) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki merviyy\u00e2t\u0131 2286 Had\u00eestir. Bunlar\u0131n 168\u2019i Sahiheyn\u2019da, 83\u2019\u00fc yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 71\u2019i yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, kalan 1964\u2019\u00fc ba\u015fka kit\u00e2blardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4\u2014<\/strong> \u00dcmm\u00fc’l-M\u00fc’min\u00een Ai\u015fe-i S\u0131dd\u00eeka (h. 57)<\/strong> (r.a.)\u00e2<\/strong> ki 2210 hadis rivayet etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n 174\u2019\u00fc Sahiheyn\u2019da, 54\u2019\u00fc yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 68\u2019i yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, di\u011fer 1914\u2019\u00fc di\u011fer kit\u00e2blardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 5\u2014<\/strong> Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Abb\u00e2s (h. 68) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki 1660 hadis rivayet etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n 75\u2019i Sahiheyn\u2019da, 28\u2019i yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 49\u2019u yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, 1508\u2019i de ba\u015fka yerlerdedir.<\/p>\n 6\u2014<\/strong> C\u00e2bir bin Abdi’ll\u00e2hi’l-Ens\u00e2r\u00ee (h. 807) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki 1540 Had\u00eesi vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n 58\u2019i Sahiheyn\u2019da, 26 s\u0131 yaln\u0131z, Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 126 s\u0131 yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim’de, 1330\u2019u bu iki kitab\u0131n m\u00e2ad\u00e2s\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 7\u2014<\/strong> Eb\u00fb-Sa\u00eed-i Hudr\u00ee (h. 74) (r.a.)<\/strong> ki 1170 Had\u00eesi vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n 43\u2019\u00fc Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim’de, 26\u2019s\u0131 yaln\u0131z Buh\u00e2r\u00ee’de, 52\u2019si yaln\u0131z M\u00fcslim<\/a>‘de, 1049\u2019u ba\u015fka kit\u00e2blardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Fukah\u00e2y-i S\u00e2h\u00e2be<\/strong><\/p>\n Sah\u00e2be’nin fukah\u00e2s\u0131 \u00e7oktur. Hulef\u00e2y-\u0131 erbaa hazer\u00e2t\u0131 hepsine \u015f\u00fcphesiz tekadd\u00fcm ederler ise de fetvalar\u0131 alel\u0131tlak en \u00e7ok merv\u00ee olan sahabe \u00d6mer, Al\u00ee, \u0130bn\u00fc-Mes’\u00fbd, \u0130bn\u00fc-\u00d6mer, \u0130bn\u00fc-Abb\u00e2s, Zeyd bin Sabit ve \u00c2i\u015fe (r.a.)\u00fcm<\/strong> olup bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde .de \u0130bn\u00fc-Abb\u00e2s’\u0131n fet\u00e2v\u00e2’s\u0131 hepsinden ziy\u00e2de naklolunmu\u015ftur<\/strong>. Eb\u00fb Muhammed Al\u00ee bin Hazm der ki: Bu yedi Sah\u00e2b\u00eeden her birinin fet\u00e2v\u00e2’s\u0131 cem’edilse birer b\u00fcy\u00fck cild h\u00e2s\u0131l olmak\u00a0 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Onlardan sonra yirmi Sah\u00e2b\u00ee daha gelir ki bunlar\u0131n da fet\u00e2v\u00e2s\u0131 birer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck c\u00fcz tutar. Bunlar Eb\u00fb-Bekr, Osm\u00e2n, Eb\u00fb-M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-E\u015f-ar\u00ee, Mu\u00e2z bin Cebel, Sa’d bin Eb\u00ee-Vakk\u00e2s, Eb\u00fb-H\u00fcreyre, Enes bin M\u00e2l\u00eek, Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Amr bin el-As, Selm\u00e2n-\u0131 F\u00e2ris\u00ee, C\u00e2bir bin Abdi’ll\u00e2h, Eb\u00fb-Sa\u00eed-i Hudr\u00ee, Talha, Z\u00fcbeyr, Abd\u00fc’r-Rahm\u00e2n bin Avf, Miran \u0130bn-i Husayn, Eb\u00fb-Bekre, Ub\u00e2de bin Es’S\u00e2mid, Mu\u00e2viye, Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin ez-Z\u00fcbeyr, \u00dcmm\u00fc’l-M\u00fc’min\u00een \u00dcmm\u00fc-Seleme (r.a.)\u2019d\u00fcr. Daha sonra \u00dcbeyy bin K\u00e2’b, Eb\u00fc’d-Derd\u00e2, Eb\u00fb-Talha, Mikd\u00e2d ve s\u00e2ire gibi y\u00fcz yirmi Sah\u00e2b\u00ee gelir ki bunlar fetvada muk\u0131ll ve her birinden ancak bir veya iki mes’ele rivayet olunmu\u015f zevatt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n mecmu-\u0131 fet\u00e2v\u00e2s\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131ra ara\u015ft\u0131ra nih\u00e2yet bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck c\u00fcz’ peyda olabilir. \u0130nteh\u00e2.<\/p>\n Ab\u00e2dile<\/strong><\/p>\n Bir mesele-i f\u0131khiyye, Ab\u00e2dile’nin kavli olmak \u00fczere zikrolunursa Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Abb\u00e2s ile Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin \u00d6mer ve Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin ez-Z\u00fcbeyr ve Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Amr bin \u00c2s’\u0131n o mes’elede m\u00fcttefik olduklar\u0131 kasdolunur. Ab\u00e2dile Abdu’ll\u00e2hlar demektir<\/strong>. Abdu’ll\u00e2h isimli sah\u00e2be-i kiram\u0131n adedi \u0130bn es-Sal\u00e2h’\u0131n dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re 220 ye, \u0130bn\u00fc-Feth\u00fbn’un zabt ve tahkikine g\u00f6re ise \u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcze bali\u011f iken yaln\u0131z bu d\u00f6rt z\u00e2ta inhisar\u0131 \u0131st\u0131l\u00e2h\u00eedir. \u0130lm-i F\u0131kh’\u0131 um\u00fbmun teslim-gerdesi oldu\u011fu halde Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Mes’\u00fbd manay-\u0131 \u0131st\u0131l\u00e2h\u00eece Ab\u00e2dile c\u00fcmlesinden de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u0131st\u0131lah onun vefat\u0131ndan sonra hadis olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n S\u00e2h\u00e2be i\u00e7inde bunca fukah\u00e2 var iken m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran hi\u00e7 birinin akv\u00e2line ba\u011flan\u0131lmaz ve mes\u00e2il-i f\u0131khiyye k\u00e2h \u015fundan, k\u00e2h bundan \u00f6\u011frenilirdi. \u0130bn-el-Med\u00een\u00ee’nin dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re Evz\u00e2\u00ee, Eb\u00fb-Han\u00eefe, M\u00e2lik, \u015e\u00e2fi\u00ee gibi; daha sonraki Eimme-i Mez\u00e2hib gibi ash\u00e2b\u0131nca dedi\u011fi dedik ve akv\u00e2linde metbu’ olan yaln\u0131z Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Mes’\u00fbd ile Zeyd bin Sabit ve Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Abb\u00e2s vard\u0131. (Radiya’llahu anh\u00fcm). Bunlardan her birinin kendine mahsus ash\u00e2b\u0131 vard\u0131 ki kavilleriyle \u00e2mil olup onlarla fetva verirlerdi.<\/p>\n Sahabenin Adedi<\/strong><\/p>\n (a.s.) Efendimiz’in vefat\u0131nda ber-hayat kalan Sahabenin adedi denildi\u011fine g\u00f6re y\u00fczbinden ziy\u00e2de<\/strong>, idi. Daha evvel vefat edenler de ba\u015fka. Esn\u00e2y-\u0131 f\u00fct\u00fbhda diy\u00e2r-\u0131 ba\u00eedeye da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funun h\u00fcviyyeti ahl\u00e2fa ma’l\u00fbm olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En ziy\u00e2de es\u00e2m\u00ee cem’eden Is\u00e2be’de, yaln\u0131z 11783 isim<\/strong> vard\u0131r ki bunlar\u0131n b\u00e2’z\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da sah\u00e2b\u00ee mi de\u011fil mi diye ihtil\u00e2f edildi\u011fini haber veriyor.<\/p>\n Tabak\u00e2t-i Ash\u00e2b<\/strong><\/p>\n Sah\u00e2be-i kiram\u0131 \u0130bn\u00fc-Sa’d be\u015f tabakaya. H\u00e2kim ise oniki tabakaya taksim etmi\u015flerdir. H\u00e2kim’in tasnifi \u015f\u00f6yledir: 1-Hulef\u00e2y-\u0131 Erbaa Hazer\u00e2t\u0131 gibi Mekke’de \u00eem\u00e2na gelenler, 2-D\u00e2r\u00fc’n-Nedve ashab\u0131[15]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> -, 3-Habe\u015fist\u00e2na hicret etmi\u015f olanlar, 4-Akabe-i \u00dbl\u00e2 Ash\u00e2b-\u0131, 5-Akabe-i Saniye Ashab\u0131 ki \u00e7o\u011fu Ens\u00e2rdand\u0131r, 6-(a.s.) Efendimiz’e Kub\u00e2\u2019da Med\u00eene’ye te\u015friflerinden evvel m\u00fcl\u00e2ki olan ilk Muhacirler, 7-Ehl-i Bedir,8-Bedir ile Hudeybiyye vak’as\u0131 aras\u0131nda hicret edenler, 9-Ehl-i Bey’at\u00fc’r-R\u0131dv\u00e2n, 10- H\u00e2lid bin el-Vel\u00eed ve Amr bin el-As gibi Hudeybiyye ile Feth-i Mekke aras\u0131nda hicret edenler, 11- Fetih’den sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olanlar, 12- Yevm-i Fetih’de ve Haccet\u00fc’l-Ved\u00e2’da ve s\u00e2\u0131rede (a.s.) Efendimiz’i g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan \u00e7ocuklar.<\/p>\n En Son Kalan Sah\u00e2b\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n Sahabenin en sonraya kalan\u0131 Eb\u00fb’t-Tufeyl Amir bin Vasile el-Leys\u00ee (r.a.)’dir.<\/strong> Vefat\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fczden y\u00fcz ona kadar muhtelif t\u00e2rihler bey\u00e2n ediliyor. Medine’de en sonra vefat eden Sah\u00e2b\u00ee S\u00e2ib bin Yez\u00eed, bir kavle g\u00f6re C\u00e2bir bin Abdi’ll\u00e2h, di\u011fer kavle g\u00f6re de Sehl bin Sa’d (r.a.)\u00fcm’d\u00fcr. Halbuki 99 da Medine’de vefat eden Mahm\u00fbd bin er-Reb\u00ee’ her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnden de sonra vefat etmi\u015ftir. Mekke’de en sonraya kalan Sah\u00e2b\u00ee Mekke’de defnolundu\u011fu hakk\u0131ndaki rivayet sabit ise Eb\u00fb’t-Tufeyl’dir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc alel\u0131tlak en sona kalan odur. De\u011fil ise Abdull\u00e2h bin \u00d6mer (? 73) d\u00fcr. Enes bin M\u00e2lik Basra’da (90, 91, 92, 93 senelerinden birinde); Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Eb\u00ee-“Evf\u00e2(86 yahut 88) yahut Amr bin Hureys (85 yahut 98) K\u00fbfe’de; Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin B\u00fcsr-i M\u00e2zin\u00ee (h. 88) \u015eam’da en sona kalanlard\u0131r. D\u0131me\u015fk’da Vasile bin Eska’ el-Leys\u00ee (85 yahut 86) Cez\u00eere’de Urs bin Umeyre el-Kind\u00ee, Filistin’de Kays bin Sa’d bin Ub\u00e2de (h. 85), Basra’da di\u011fer rivayete g\u00f6re- Abdu’ll\u00e2h \u0130bn-i el-H\u00e2ris bin Cez’ (85 il\u00e2 89), Yem\u00e2me’de Hirm\u00e2s bin Ziy\u00e2d-\u0131 B\u00e2hil\u00ee, Berka’da R\u00fcveyf\u00ee’ bin S\u00e2bit-i Ens\u00e2ri (h. 53), B\u00e2diye’de Seleme bin el-Ekva’ (h. 64) en sonraya kalan Ash\u00e2b-\u0131 Kir\u00e2md\u0131r. Seleme’nin Med\u00eene’de vefat etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu da merv\u00eedir. (r.a.)\u00fcm ecma\u00een.<\/p>\n Sahih-\u0130 Buhari Muhtasar\u0131 Tecrid-i Sarih Terc\u00fcmesi 1. Cilt\u2019ten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Eimmeden birinin mezhebini\u00a0 kabul ve takl\u00eed eden ulemaya da o im\u00e2m\u0131n ashab\u0131 denir. Ash\u00e2b-\u0131 Eb\u00ee-Han\u00eefe, ash\u00e2b-\u0131 M\u00e2lik, ash\u00e2b-\u0131 \u015eafi\u00ee gibi.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Asr-\u0131 Sa\u00e2det’de \u00eem\u00e2n ve isl\u00e2m ve sohbet-i b\u00ee-beh\u00e2y-i Seyyidi\u2019l-en\u00e2m sa\u00e2det-i uly\u00e2s\u0131na mazhar olmu\u015fken \u015fakavet-i s\u00e2b\u0131ka-i ezeliyye muktez\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 en nih\u00e2yet izh\u00e2r ile irtid\u00e2d eden bir ka\u00e7 kimse vard\u0131r. \u00dcbeydu’ll\u00e2h bin Cah\u015f Esed\u00ee, Abdu’ll\u00e2h bin Hatal, Reb\u00eea bin \u00dcmeyye bin Halef, Mikyes bin Hub\u00e2be gibi. Bunlardan \u00dcbeydu’ll\u00e2h \u00dcmm\u00fch\u00e2t-\u0131 m\u00fc’min\u00eenden \u00dcmm\u00fc-Hab\u00eebe (r.a.)’n\u0131n ilk zevci olup birlikte Habe\u015f diyar\u0131na hicret ve orada iken s\u00fb-i hatimesi yakas\u0131na yap\u0131\u015f\u0131p tanassur etti. Ve nasr\u00e2niyeti \u00fczere \u00e2hirete g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. Abdullah bin Hatal ile Mikyes de feth-i Mekke g\u00fcn\u00fc demi heder edilenlerden olup birincisi iltica etti\u011fi Est\u00e2r-\u0131 K\u00e2’be-i Muazzama alt\u0131nda iken Sa\u00eed bin el-Huveyris el-Mahz\u00fbm\u00ee ile Ebu-Berze el-Eslem\u00ee taraflar\u0131ndan, di\u011feri de kendi kab\u00eelesinden olan N\u00fcmeyle bin Abdullah taraf\u0131ndan katledilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> A’l\u00e2m’\u0131n sol taraflat\u0131na yaz\u0131lan rakkamlar\u0131n biri isim sahibinin vel\u00e2det, di\u011feri vefat tarihidir. Yaln\u0131z bir rakkam var ise tarih-i vefatt\u0131r. Rakkam\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131nda istifham i\u015fareti varsa o tarih hakk\u0131nda ihtil\u00e2f edildi\u011fini ve \u015fu kadar ki adedin, m\u00e2-vakaa yak\u0131n takr\u00eeb\u00ee bir adet oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: Sizler n\u00e2sa kar\u015f\u0131 meydana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en hay\u0131rl\u0131 \u00fcmmetsiniz. (\u00c2l-i \u0130mr\u00e2n: 110) \u0130nteh\u00e2. Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6ylece sizleri biz vasat yani efr\u00e2d-\u0131 h\u0131yar ve ud\u00fbl olan bir \u00fcmmet k\u0131ld\u0131k ki yevm-i k\u0131yamette peygamberlerin vaz\u00eefe-i tebl\u00ee\u011fi tamamen \u00eef\u00e2 etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131na n\u00e2sa kar\u015f\u0131 \u015feh\u00e2det edebilesiniz, Resul de sizi tezkiye ile lehinize \u015feh\u00e2det edebilsin. (Bakara: 143) \u0130nteh\u00e2 Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n Evvelki \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eeme gibi bu \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eemenin de muhatab\u0131 \u00dcmmet-i Muhammediyye (s.a.s.) ve h\u00e2ssatan Vahy’in h\u00een-i n\u00fczul\u00fcnde Kel\u00e2m-\u0131 il\u00e2h\u00eeyi evvelen ve bizzat tebell\u00fc\u011f etmi\u015f olan Sah\u00e2be-i kir\u00e2md\u0131r.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: Ey Res\u00fbl-i ker\u00eem, han\u0131ya \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar seni m\u00fcd\u00e2faa edip yan\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmamak \u00fczere a\u011fac\u0131n alt\u0131nda sana b\u00eeat eden m\u00fc’minler yok mu, i\u015fte onlardan Allah raz\u0131 oldu. Ve h\u00een-i mubayaadaki s\u0131dk ve vefalar\u0131n\u0131 bilip tasdik etti. (Feth: 18) \u0130nteha. Vall\u00e2hu a’lem.<\/p>\n \u00c2yet-i ker\u00eemenin sebebi n\u00fczul\u00fc Hudeybiyye sulhuna tekadd\u00fcm eden mubayaa h\u00e2dise-i ma’l\u00fbmesidir ki buna bu \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eemenin n\u00fczul\u00fcnden dolay\u0131 (Bey’at\u00fc’r-R\u0131dv\u00e2n) denir. Bu r\u0131dv\u00e2n-\u0131 il\u00e2h\u00ee ile m\u00fcbe\u015f\u015fer olan Sah\u00e2be-i kiram 1400 yahut 1525 z\u00e2t idi.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: Sabik\u00fcnu evvel\u00fbn olan Muhacirin ve Ens\u00e2r ile onlara ihsan ile t\u00e2bi’ olanlardan Allah raz\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Onlar da Allah\u2019tan raz\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Tevbe: 100) \u0130nteha. Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n Sabik\u00fcnu evvel\u00fbn denilen zevat ehl-i k\u0131bleteyn, yahut -a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 yine o deme\u011fe varan Hicret’ten evvelki m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar yahut ehl-i Bedir, yahut ehl-i Bey’at-\u0131 r\u0131dv\u00e2nd\u0131r diyen oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn Sah\u00e2be’dir diyen de vard\u0131r. Onlara ihsan ile t\u00e2bi’ olanlar ise evvelki ihtilafl\u0131 akv\u00e2le g\u00f6re ya bakiyye-i Muhacirin ve Ens\u00e2r, yahut da Sahabeden sonraki Tabi\u00een karn\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u0130hsandan mur\u00e2d da Sahabeyi, hassaten Muhacirin ile Ens\u00e2r’\u0131 hayr ile y\u00e2d ve onlara hay\u0131r d\u00fc\u00e2 etmek oldu\u011funu At\u00e2’ s\u00f6yleyor ki bunu bundan bir sonraki \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eemeden istinb\u00e2t etmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eemeye nazaran R\u0131dv\u00e2n-\u0131 \u0130l\u00e2h\u00eeye mazhar olanlar hem sabik\u00fcn, hem de onlar\u0131n etb\u00e2\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bu l\u00e2f\u0131zlar\u0131n te’v\u00eeli her ne olursa olsun b\u00fct\u00fcn Sahabe-Hat\u00eebin dedi\u011fi gibi- ta’d\u00eel-i \u0130l\u00e2h\u00ee ile muaddel olmu\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: Ey Nebiyy-i Ker\u00eem, Allah ile sana t\u00e2bi’ olan m\u00fc’minler sana yeter. (Enf\u00e2l: 64) \u0130nteh\u00e2. Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2lisi: Ben\u00fc’n-Nad\u00eer’den kalan emv\u00e2l-i fey’, Fukar\u00e2y-\u0131 Muh\u00e2cir\u00een’indir ki onlar Allah’\u0131n fazl ve r\u0131dv\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 aramak ve Allah ile Res\u00fbl’\u00fcne nusret etmek u\u011frunda vatanlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Ve mal ve m\u00fclklerinden oldular. \u0130\u015fte s\u00e2d\u0131k bunlard\u0131r. Muhacirler gelmezden evvel d\u00e2r-\u0131 hicreti haz\u0131rlay\u0131p ve Muhacirini evlerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p \u00eem\u00e2na yap\u0131\u015fan Ens\u00e2r’a gelince onlar nezdlerine hicret etmi\u015f olanlar\u0131 severler, Muh\u00e2cir\u00eene verilip kendilerine verilmedi\u011finden dolay\u0131 kalpleri gayz ve hased gibi bir \u015fey duymaz, kendileri a\u00e7 bile olsalar onlar\u0131 kendilerine \u00ees\u00e2r ve terc\u00eeh ederler. Nefsinin \u015fuh-hundan yani \u015fiddetli buhl\u00fcnden kurtulmu\u015f olanlar kimler ise i\u015fte felah bulan onlard\u0131r. Bunlardan yani Muhacirin ile Ens\u00e2rdan sonra gelenler de: “Ey bizim Rabb\u0131m\u0131z, bize ve \u0130manda bize s\u00e2d\u0131k olanlara ma\u011ffiret buyur. \u00eem\u00e2n etmi\u015f planlara kars\u0131 kalbimizde de bi\u00e7bir kin b\u0131rakma. Ey bizim Rabb\u0131m\u0131z, sen Rauf ve Rah\u00eemsin” derler. (Hasr: 8-\u0131o) \u0130nteh\u00e2. Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n Bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00c2yet-i ker\u00eemede Muhacirin ile Ens\u00e2r’a pek sar\u00eeh ve pek b\u00fcy\u00fck senalar oldu\u011fu gibi onlardan sonra gelenlere de s\u00e2bik\u00fcna hay\u0131r dualar\u0131na ve onlara kar\u015f\u0131 kalplerini g\u0131ll \u00fc hasedden, bu\u011fz \u00fc kinden mutahhar bulundurmak istediklerine m\u00fck\u00e2f\u00e2tan-b\u00fcy\u00fck l\u00fbtuflar va’d buyurulmu\u015ftur. Bu sonradan gelenler ister bakiyye-i S\u00e2h\u00e2be, ister Tabi\u00een olsun yine Sahabenin k\u00e2ffesi muaddel olmu\u015f olurlar.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: \u0130\u00e7inizden feth-i Mekke\u2019den evvel mal\u0131n\u0131 infak ve kit\u00e2le i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f olanlar di\u011ferlerine m\u00fcsavi E\u011fillerdir. Onlar\u0131n derecesi daha sonra infak edenlerle mukatele edenlerdendaha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bununla beraber Allahu Azze ve Celle onlara da, berikilere de h\u00fcns\u00e2y\u0131, yani Cennet\u2019i va\u2019d buyurmu\u015ftur. Allah her yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan habirdir. (Had\u00eed: 10) \u0130ntiha. Valahu alem.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Me\u00e2l-i \u00e2l\u00eesi: H\u00fcsn\u00e2’ya, Cennet’e n\u00e2iliyyetleri hakk\u0131nda va’d-i il\u00e2h\u00eemiz sebketm\u0131\u015f olanlar Cehennem’den uzak tutulacaklard\u0131r. (Enbiy\u00e2’: 101) \u0130nteh\u00e2, Va’llahu a’lem.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> A’r\u00e2f S\u00fbresi, \u00c2yet: 157.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> Bu Hadisi Ebu said-i Hudri (r.a.) de rivayet etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\u00a0\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 “[4]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0627 : ” \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645\u00a0 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627 “[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0627 :\u00a0 ” \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 “[6]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0627 “\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f “[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0630\u0627 : ” \u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064f\u064f \u062d\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0628\u064f\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e “[8]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u0643\u0630\u0627 : ” \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0642\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0627\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u0650\u062c\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0652\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u063a\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0636\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u0648\u064e \u0631\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0627\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0626\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0647\u064f\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e . \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0650 \u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0624\u064f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0628\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0647\u064e\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064e \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064f\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u062d\u064e\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0650\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0624\u0652\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0648\u0652 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0650\u0647\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062e\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0648\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u0650\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0631\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0650\u062e\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0633\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0648\u064e \u0644\u0627\u064e \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u063a\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0651\u064b \u0644\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0631\u0624\u064f\u0641\u064c \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064c”[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/h3>\n
\u00a0” \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0627 . \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0628\u062d\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0645 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u063a\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0628\u0628\u063a\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0628\u063a\u0636\u0647\u0645 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u064c\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u064c\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a .\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647 =<\/h3>\n
\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0649[10]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> “<\/h3>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646[11]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> “<\/h3>\n
(\u0648\u0639\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0624\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0646[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>)<\/h3>\n
\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0649 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u2014<\/h3>\n
\u00a0” \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n
\u00a0” \u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649[14]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/h3>\n