\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin her d\u00f6neminde, devletleraras\u0131 meseleler \u00f6ncelikle diplomatik yollarla a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu yollar\u0131n t\u0131kanmas\u0131yla da sava\u015flar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Ordular\u0131n\u0131 en modern sil\u00e2hlarla te\u00e7hiz edip sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmekten \u00e7ekinmeyen toplumlar, zafer elde etmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yolu mubah g\u00f6rse de, baz\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flara tahamm\u00fcl g\u00f6sterememi\u015f, sava\u015fmaktan da vazge\u00e7emeyince, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak baz\u0131 insan\u00ee ve hukuk\u00ee kurallar koymak zorunlulu\u011fu hissetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in daha korkun\u00e7 bir h\u00e2l alan sava\u015flar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc hukuk\u00ee kaidelerle, milletleraras\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kurulu\u015flarca \u00f6nlenmek veya b\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc verilmek istenmesine ra\u011fmen, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m hukuku hem sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde, hem de sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda uygulanacak kaidelerin belirlenmesinde hikmet dolu bir birikime sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m’da as\u0131l hedef bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/b>
\n\u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunun temel hedeflerinden biri de yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmakt\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m hukuku, sava\u015f\u0131n ferd\u00ee ve i\u00e7tima\u00ee hayat ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde mecbur kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015fvurulacak bir yol oldu\u011funu, ancak bunun belli esaslar d\u00e2hilinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul etmektedir. Sava\u015f bir g\u00e2ye de\u011fildir; sadece bir vas\u0131ta, ama mecbur\u00ee durumlarda ba\u015fvurulacak bir vas\u0131tad\u0131r. Bu m\u00e2n\u00e2da, \u0130sl\u00e2m sava\u015f hukukunda sava\u015f\u0131n m\u00fcdafaa hususiyeti a\u011f\u0131r basmaktad\u0131r. Buradaki m\u00fcdafaa sadece varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma g\u00e2yesi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gidilmesi yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Allah (celle cel\u00e2luhu) Kur’\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem’de mealen \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

“Size kar\u015f\u0131 harp a\u00e7anlara, siz de Allah yolunda harp a\u00e7\u0131n. Sak\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gitmeyin; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah a\u015f\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sevmez.” (Bakara\u2013190)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m’da diplomatik yollar t\u00fckenmi\u015fse, sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir yoldur; fakat ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen bir hedef de\u011fildir. Esas olan, Allah’\u0131n (celle cel\u00e2luhu) r\u0131zas\u0131d\u0131r. Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), on senelik Medine d\u00f6neminde yirmiden fazla sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Senede ortalama iki defa harbe \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vefat\u0131nda ise Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015ftu. Bu harplerde d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131nda \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 250, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan \u015fehit olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise 150 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu O’nun (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), insanlar\u0131 imha i\u00e7in sava\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 kullanma yetkisi devlete aittir <\/b>
\n\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihindeki uygulamalara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sava\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131 ancak devlet alabilir. Her isteyen insan veya grubun devleti bir kenara iterek, hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda rastgele sava\u015f il\u00e2n etmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Eb\u00fb Yusuf, sava\u015f\u0131 yapacak ordunun bile sava\u015f karar\u0131 alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, Maverd\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan da teyid edilir; hatt\u00e2 Serahsi’nin \u015eeyban\u00ee \u015eerhi’nde “bir \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkesine kar\u015f\u0131 hasm\u00e2ne harekata ge\u00e7en bir \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden m\u00fcsaade almadan, harp il\u00e2n edilemeyece\u011fi” ifade edilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130sl\u00e2m’\u0131 temsil ettiklerini iddia eden baz\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n kendi i\u00e7lerindeki organizasyonlarla \u00fclke i\u00e7inde veya di\u011fer \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 \u015fiddet veya g\u00fcc\u00fcn kabul edilemez bir husus oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m’da sava\u015f hukuku kaideleri ve bunlar\u0131n uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/b>
\nBir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sava\u015fmak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n insanl\u0131k \u015feref ve haysiyetini rencide edemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015f durumlar\u0131nda bile, dinin \u00e7izdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern d\u00fcnyada meydana gelen sava\u015flarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir problem h\u00e2lini alan “sivillerin ve \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131” hususu, Allah Resul\u00fc’n\u00fcn (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) d\u00f6neminde en g\u00fczel \u015fekilde tatbik edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Peygamberimiz’in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) sava\u015flar\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar, ihtiyarlar, kendini ibadet-i taata vermi\u015f din adamlar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i ve hizmet\u00e7iler sava\u015fa i\u015ftirak etmedikleri m\u00fcddet\u00e7e canlar\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Res\u00fblullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) bir asker\u00ee birli\u011fi veya orduyu sefere u\u011furlarken onlara “Allah’\u0131n ad\u0131 ile yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n. Allah’\u0131n dini i\u00e7in Allah ad\u0131na sava\u015f\u0131n. \u0130htiyarlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyin!” buyururlard\u0131. Bununla birlikte Resulullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn devam\u0131nda, “Manast\u0131r ehlini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyin.” buyurarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 gelmedikleri m\u00fcddet\u00e7e din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ve hizmet\u00e7ilere gelince; onlar sava\u015f niyetinde olmayan mustaz’af z\u00fcmreler olarak tavsif edildiklerinden, d\u00fc\u015fmanla beraber olmalar\u0131 onlar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerine sebep te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fi yine Resulullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015fta sivil halk\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini yasaklayan Resulullah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 cahiliye d\u00f6neminden kalma “m\u00fcsle yapma” \u00e2detini de ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fc\u015friklerin sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda intikam duygular\u0131yla \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckleri kimselerin kulak, burun ve tenas\u00fcl uzuvlar\u0131n\u0131 kesmek, kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 yarmak gibi \u00e2detleri vard\u0131. Efendimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131’nda amcas\u0131 Hz. Hamza’n\u0131n (ra) cesedini par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde derin bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duymu\u015f ve: “E\u011fer Allah bana zafer nasip ederse, Hamza’ya yap\u0131lan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda otuz m\u00fc\u015frike ayn\u0131 muameleyi yapaca\u011f\u0131m.” demi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine:<\/p>\n

“Ceza verecek olursan\u0131z size yap\u0131lan\u0131n misliyle cezaland\u0131r\u0131n. Ama e\u011fer sabrederseniz bilin ki bu, sabredenler i\u00e7in daha hay\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.” (Nahl, 16\/12)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

mealindeki \u00e2yet nazil olunca, Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) yemininden vazge\u00e7ti ve kef\u00e2ret \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evreye zarar vermeme<\/b>
\nM\u00e2betlere ili\u015fmek, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 yakmak, hayvanlara dokunmak, araziyi, m\u00e2mur yerleri, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc servetlerini heder etmek de harp yasaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Peygamber Efendimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), vefat\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, ordu komutan\u0131 Usame b. Zeyd’e (ra) \u015fu tavsiyelerde bulunmu\u015ftur: “\u0130nk\u00e2rc\u0131 sald\u0131rganlarla \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131n. Ahde vefas\u0131zl\u0131k etmeyin. Meyve veren a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 kesmeyin. S\u00fcr\u00fcleri tahrip etmeyin.” Baz\u0131 muhasaralar s\u0131ras\u0131nda -Beni Nadr kabilesine yap\u0131lan asker\u00ee operasyon gibi- gerekti\u011fi kadar a\u011fa\u00e7 kesimi;<\/p>\n

“O k\u00e2firleri k\u0131zd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir hurma a\u011fac\u0131 kesmi\u015fseniz veya k\u00f6kleri \u00fczerinde b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015fsan\u0131z, bu, hep Allah’\u0131n izniyle ve o yoldan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in olmu\u015ftur.” (Ha\u015fr S\u00fbresi\u20135) <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

mealindeki \u00e2yette ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere istisnad\u0131r. \u0130stisna\u00ee durumlar h\u00e2ricinde, Hz. Peygamber (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tahrip edilmesini kesinlikle yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Esirlere muamele<\/b>
\nAllah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), esir ve rehinelere merhamet edilmesi gerekti\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. Esirlerle al\u00e2kal\u0131 hukuk\u00ee m\u00e2n\u00e2da ilk d\u00fczenlemeler, Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015ftan k\u0131sa bir zaman sonra n\u00e2zil olan<\/p>\n

“\u2026. Nihayet onlar\u0131 iyice ma\u011flup edince, ba\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 tutun, onlar\u0131 esir al\u0131n. Sava\u015f bitti\u011finde ister l\u00fctuf olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z sal\u0131verir, ister fidye alarak b\u0131rak\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Durum \u015fu ki: Allah dileseydi, onlardan intikamlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 al\u0131r, onlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Fakat O, sizi birbirinizle denemek i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131 emrediyor.” (Muhammed, 47\/4)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

mealindeki \u00e2yet, bir sava\u015f hukuku problemi kabul edilebilecek bu durumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Allah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131 esirlerine son derece merhametli davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Efendimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem), esirler zincirli \u015fekilde huzuruna getirildi\u011finde, “Bunlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayal\u0131m.” diyerek engin \u015fefkatiyle hepsini affetmi\u015ftir. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini yasaklam\u0131\u015f, daha iyi korunmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 askerleri aras\u0131nda taksim etmi\u015f, onlara m\u00fc\u015ffik olunmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Bu, emir tel\u00e2kki edilmi\u015f, Sahabe Efendilerimiz (ra);<\/p>\n

“Kendileri de ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 halde yiyeceklerini, s\u0131rf Allah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in fakire, yetime ve esire ikram ederler.” (\u0130nsan, 76\/8)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

mealindeki \u00e2yeti referans alarak, ekmeklerini esirlere verip, kendileri hurmayla yetinmi\u015flerdir. Efendimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) ayr\u0131ca bir cemile yaparak, fidye verip serbest kalabilecek durumdaki bu esirleri, on Medineliye okuma-yazma \u00f6\u011fretme \u015fart\u0131yla serbest b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde esirler, toplama kamplar\u0131nda de\u011fil, sosyal hayat\u0131n i\u00e7inde, mesel\u00e2 bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman’\u0131n evinde karn\u0131 doyurularak, giyim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanarak a\u011f\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f; hatt\u00e2 vasiyetleri bile yerine getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Emniyet, sel\u00e2met, huzur m\u00e2n\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eden \u0130sl\u00e2m, \u00f6ncelikle sulhu savunmu\u015f, sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funda ise, nas\u0131l davran\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nelerin yasak oldu\u011funu detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Hz. Peygamber’in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) uygulamalar\u0131yla \u015fekillenen bu d\u00fczenlemeler, milletleraras\u0131 sava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Habip BALCI \/ \u0130nceleme – Aral\u0131k 2014
\nKaynak: S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 Dergisi<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\nKaynaklar<\/b><\/p>\n

– \u0130smail K\u0131ll\u0131o\u011flu, “Sava\u015f ve Hukuk”, \u0130lim ve Sanat, Temmuz-A\u011fustos 1986, Say\u0131 8, cilt 2, s. 32.<\/p>\n

– Davut Ayd\u00fcz, “\u0130sl\u00e2m’da Sava\u015f Hukuku Prensipleri”, Yeni \u00dcmit, Temmuz-A\u011fustos-Eyl\u00fcl 2012.<\/p>\n

– M. Fethullah G\u00dcLEN, Sonsuz Nur, \u0130stanbul 1994.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin her d\u00f6neminde, devletleraras\u0131 meseleler \u00f6ncelikle diplomatik yollarla a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu yollar\u0131n t\u0131kanmas\u0131yla da sava\u015flar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Ordular\u0131n\u0131 en modern sil\u00e2hlarla te\u00e7hiz edip sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmekten \u00e7ekinmeyen toplumlar, zafer elde etmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yolu mubah g\u00f6rse de, baz\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flara tahamm\u00fcl g\u00f6sterememi\u015f, sava\u015fmaktan da vazge\u00e7emeyince, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak baz\u0131 insan\u00ee ve hukuk\u00ee kurallar …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,5],"tags":[1247,1246,573,1245,1248],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3368"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3370,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368\/revisions\/3370"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}