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{"id":4683,"date":"2020-01-16T23:41:37","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=4683"},"modified":"2020-01-16T23:42:06","modified_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:42:06","slug":"4683","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/tarihi-nukteler\/4683\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dcmm\u00ee Peygamber-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

YORUM | AHMET KURUCAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kur\u2019an\u2019a gelince;<\/strong> Kur\u2019an\u2019da \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 2\u2019si tekil, 4\u2019u \u00e7o\u011ful formunda 6 ayeti kerime vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk ayet Bakara 78\u2019de ge\u00e7iyor. <\/strong>Ayet lafz\u00ee terc\u00fcmesiyle \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cOnlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcmm\u00eedirler, kitab\u0131 bilmezler; (bildikleri) bir s\u00fcr\u00fc as\u0131ls\u0131z \u015feylerden ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildir ve yaln\u0131zca zannederler.\u201d<\/strong> \u015eimdi kimdir ayetin bahsetti\u011fi ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u201c\u00fcmmidir\u201d dedi\u011fi \u201conlar?\u201d Anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 \u201ckitap\u201d ne? Bu iki \u00f6nemli sorunun cevab\u0131 gerek bu gerekse \u00f6nceki ve sonraki ayetlerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ediliyor. \u201cOnlar\u201d<\/strong> dedi\u011fi n\u00fczul zaman\u0131nda Medine ve civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Yahudiler,<\/strong> \u201ckitap\u2019tan<\/strong> kastedilen de Tevrat\u2019t\u0131r.<\/strong> \u00d6zne ve nesneyi yerli yerine oturttuktan sonra \u015fimdi ayetin tam mealini verebiliriz: \u201cYahudilerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Tevrat\u2019tan bihaberdir. Bunlar\u0131n bildikleri sadece kulaktan dolma rivayetlerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 da yalan-yanl\u0131\u015f, zanna dayal\u0131, bat\u0131l olarak inand\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feylerdir.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek\u00e2l\u00e2 ayette \u00fcmm\u00ee olarak bahsedilen Yahudilerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 okuma-yazma bilmiyor olabilir mi? Olabilir. \u0130htimal dahilindedir. Okuma-yazma bilmedikleri i\u00e7in kutsal kitaplar\u0131ndan bihaberdir. Ya da okuma-yazma biliyorlard\u0131r ama Tevrat\u2019\u0131n muhtevas\u0131, ayetlerinin ifade etti\u011fi anlamlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi de\u011fillerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Tevrat ekseninde s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zlere itibar edilmez. Nitekim tefsirlerde her iki yorum da yer almaktad\u0131r. Ama tefsirlerde ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f daha a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak savunulur hatta hangi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin zanna dayal\u0131 bat\u0131l bilgiler oldu\u011funa dair ba\u015fka Kur\u2019an ayetlerinden misaller verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibariyle \u201c\u00fcmm\u00ee\u201d kelimesini Kur\u2019an bu ayette el-kitaptan oldu\u011fu halde Tevrat hakk\u0131nda sahih bilgiye sahip olmayan, e\u011fitimsiz, cahil ki\u015filer i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci ayet:<\/strong> \u00c2l-i \u0130mran s\u00fcresi 20.ayet. Meali \u015fu: \u201c(Ey Peygamber!) Onlar inan\u00e7 konusunda seninle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larsa de ki: \u201cBen \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc Allah\u2019a teslim ettim. Bana uyanlar da O\u2019na teslim oldular. (Ey Peygamber!) Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte vahye muhatap olanlar (ehli kitap, Yahudi ve H\u0131ristiyanlar) ile \u00fcmmilere<\/strong> yani \u0130lahi vahye muhatap olmayan Arap m\u00fc\u015friklere de ki \u201cSiz Allah\u2019a teslim olmak i\u00e7in ne bekliyorsunuz?\u201d E\u011fer hakka teslim olup \u0130slam\u2019a girerlerse do\u011fru yolu bulmu\u015f olurlar. Yok, e\u011fer y\u00fcz \u00e7evirirlerse, sana d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rev, sadece hakk\u0131 ve hakikati tebli\u011fdir. (Unutma ki) Allah kullar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131p ettiklerini hakk\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada \u201c\u00fcmm\u00ee\u201d kelimesinin m\u00fc\u015frik Araplara hitaben s\u00f6ylendi\u011finde hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct yoktur. Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n ba\u015ftan sona ilk tefsiri diye kay\u0131tlar\u0131m\u0131za ge\u00e7en Mukatil b. S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n et-Tefs\u00eer\u00fc\u2019l-Keb\u00eer\u2019inden bu yana hemen her tefsir kitab\u0131nda yerini alan bu bilgi yukar\u0131da s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz \u201cteredd\u00fct yoktur\u201d sonucunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck delilidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan baz\u0131 meallerde ayetin bu k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u201cKendilerine kitap verilenler ve verilmeyenler\u201d diye terc\u00fcme edilmesi \u00e7ok isabetlidir. Zira kasdedilen Hz. Peygamber\u2019e kadar \u0130lahi vahye muhatap olmayan, vahy k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden bihaber, kendilerine Peygamber g\u00f6nderilmemi\u015f ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ki\u015filerin okuma-yazma bilmesi ya da bilmemesine gelince; bir \u00f6nceki ayette ifade etti\u011fimiz gibi bir yorum olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Zira tarihi ger\u00e7eklik m\u00fc\u015frik Araplar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun okuma-yazma bilmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Bununla beraber ayette yap\u0131lan vurgu s\u00f6z konusu Araplar\u0131n okuma yazma bilmemesi de\u011fil aksine o ana kadar ilahi vahye muhatap olmamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki o Araplar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n okuma-yazma bildi\u011fi de ayr\u0131 bir tarihi ger\u00e7eklik olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse \u015funu diyebiliriz, Kur\u2019an bu ayette \u201c\u00fcmmi\u201d kelimesini Arap toplumundaki yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u201ckendilerine daha \u00f6nceden \u0130lahi bir kitap ve peygamber g\u00f6nderilmemi\u015f ki\u015filer anlam\u0131nda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ayet: \u00c2l-i \u0130mran s\u00fcresi 75.ayet<\/strong>. Burada \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesi Yahudilerin a\u011fz\u0131ndan dile getirilmekte ve onlar\u0131n \u00fcmm\u00ee derken kimi kastettikleri hi\u00e7bir yorum ve te\u2019vile ihtiya\u00e7 b\u0131rakmayacak netlikte a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmektedir. \u201cYahudiler aras\u0131nda \u00f6yleleri var ki kendilerine bir hazine emanet etsen onu sana eksiksiz iade eder. Ama onlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6yleleri de var ki kendisine bir tek d\u0131nar\/alt\u0131n emanet etsen gidip gelip s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131k\u00e7a onu sana geri vermez. Neden mi? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fte kendilerine hi\u00e7bir peygamber ve vahy g\u00f6nderilmemi\u015f (\u00fcmmi) bu adamlara yapt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131 bizim bir vebalimiz\/sorumlulu\u011fumuz yoktur\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini de bile bile yalan s\u00f6yleyerek Allah\u2019a nispet edip O\u2019na iftira ederler.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 mealler burada \u00fcmmi kelimesini hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmadan \u201c\u00fcmmi\u201d diye verirken baz\u0131lar\u0131 okuma-yazma bilmeyen, baz\u0131lar\u0131 hesap kitap bilmeyen, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da daha sonra ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir ayette ge\u00e7en \u201cMekke\u2019ye mensup\u201d, \u201cMekke\u2019li\u201d manas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u201c\u00dcmm\u00fc\u2019l kur\u00e2\u201d terkibinden hareketle \u201cMekke\u2019li Araplar\u201d demi\u015flerdir. Halbuki ayeti i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayetler k\u00fcmesi ve sebebi n\u00fczul\u00fc ile birlikte ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Yahudilerin kastettikleri ki\u015filerin muhatab\u0131 olan \u0130lahi vahye muhatap olmayan Araplar oldu\u011fu kesindir.<\/strong> Nitekim konu ile alakal\u0131 hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn tefsirler bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00f6yle ki rivayetlere g\u00f6re baz\u0131 Yahudi din adamlar\u0131 ge\u00e7erli ve hakl\u0131 bir neden olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Yahudi olmayan ki\u015filerin mallar\u0131n\u0131 almakta Yahudiler i\u00e7in bir vebal ve g\u00fcnah olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumu yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Zira Yahudiler \u0130lahi vahye muhatap olmalar\u0131 itibariyle kendilerini se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir kavim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar ve bunun tabii uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak da Yahudi olmayan ki\u015fileri ticari ili\u015fkilerinde aldatmay\u0131 kendilerine tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tabii bir hak oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ba\u015fka yakla\u015f\u0131m da m\u00fc\u015frik olan Araplar\u0131n \u0130slam\u2019a girmeleri onlar\u0131 eski inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u201cm\u00fcrted\u201d konumuna getirmi\u015ftir ve m\u00fcrtedlere kar\u015f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hile, aldatma, kand\u0131rma me\u015frudur ve m\u00fcbaht\u0131r anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Nitekim baz\u0131 Yahudiler kafir iken bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131 Araplara M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131 durumunda bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ise bu inan\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 \u00f6dememi\u015flerdir. 76. ayet bu manay\u0131 tamamlayan bir muhtevaya sahiptir. Der ki Allah orada: \u201cGer\u00e7ek \u015fu ki kim verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirir ve emanete h\u0131yanet etmekten sak\u0131n\u0131rsa bilsin ki Allah b\u00f6yle sorumluluk \u015fuuru ile hareket edenleri sever.\u201d<\/strong> B\u00f6ylece emanete h\u0131yanet etmenin, s\u0131rf dini inan\u00e7 farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 insanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 gayri me\u015fru yollarla iktisap etmenin, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yap\u0131lacak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hile ve d\u00fczenbazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yahudi toplumu i\u00e7inde bu yorumun ne kadar kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir mesele ama son tahlilde bu yorumu kabullenen baz\u0131 Yahudilerin oldu\u011fu ve \u00fcmm\u00ee dedikleri Araplarla olan ticaret ve emanet ili\u015fkilerinde buna g\u00f6re hareket ettiklerinde \u015f\u00fcphe yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netice itibariyle bu ayette ge\u00e7en \u201c\u00fcmm\u00ee\u201d kelimesi, ehli kitap olmayan m\u00fc\u015frik ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n burada yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey kelimenin o toplumdaki kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi yans\u0131tmas\u0131ndan ibarettir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak TR724<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

YORUM | AHMET KURUCAN Kur\u2019an\u2019a gelince; Kur\u2019an\u2019da \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 2\u2019si tekil, 4\u2019u \u00e7o\u011ful formunda 6 ayeti kerime vard\u0131r. \u0130lk ayet Bakara 78\u2019de ge\u00e7iyor. Ayet lafz\u00ee terc\u00fcmesiyle \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cOnlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcmm\u00eedirler, kitab\u0131 bilmezler; (bildikleri) bir s\u00fcr\u00fc as\u0131ls\u0131z \u015feylerden ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildir ve yaln\u0131zca zannederler.\u201d \u015eimdi kimdir ayetin bahsetti\u011fi ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u201c\u00fcmmidir\u201d dedi\u011fi \u201conlar?\u201d Anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 \u201ckitap\u201d ne? Bu iki \u00f6nemli sorunun …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4684,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[410,6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4683"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4683"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4686,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4683\/revisions\/4686"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}