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{"id":4687,"date":"2020-01-21T06:37:35","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T04:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/?p=4687"},"modified":"2020-01-21T07:01:05","modified_gmt":"2020-01-21T05:01:05","slug":"ummi-peygamber-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/yazilar\/ummi-peygamber-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dcmm\u00ee Peygamber-3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

YORUM | AHMET KURUCAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 sebeplerden dolay\u0131 bir m\u00fcddet yaz\u0131 serisine ara vermek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in bir c\u00fcmlelik k\u0131sa bir hat\u0131rlatma ile ba\u015flamak istiyorum. Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sas) \u00fcmm\u00eeli\u011fi<\/strong> \u00fczerinde duruyor ve \u00fcmm\u00ee <\/strong>kavram\u0131n\u0131n hangi anlamda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131yorduk. Bu kavram\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u00fck manalar\u0131n\u0131 ilk yaz\u0131da vermi\u015f, ikinci yaz\u0131da \u00fcmm\u00ee <\/strong>kelimesinin Kur\u2019an\u2019daki anlamlar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Kur\u2019an\u2019da \u00fcmm\u00ee <\/strong>kelimesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 2\u2019si tekil, 4\u2019\u00fc \u00e7o\u011ful formunda 6 ayet-i kerime var demi\u015f ve ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131saca incelemi\u015ftik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle ifade edecek olursak, ilk ayet Bakara 78. Bu ayette \u00fcmm\u00ee<\/strong> ehli kitaptan oldu\u011fu halde Tevrat hakk\u0131nda sahih bilgiye sahip olmayan, e\u011fitimsiz, cahil ki\u015filer i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130kincisi Al-i \u0130mran suresi 20.ayet. Burada kendilerine daha \u00f6nceden \u0130lah\u00ee bir kitap ve peygamber g\u00f6nderilmemi\u015f ki\u015filer anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc yine Al-i \u0130mran suresi 75.ayet. Burada da ehli kitap olmayan m\u00fc\u015frik ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki bu \u00fc\u00e7 ayetinde Allah \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesine yeni anlam y\u00fcklemiyor, aksine n\u00fczul toplumdaki insanlar\u0131n bildikleri manada hem de oldu\u011fu gibi kullan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer ayetlere ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce burada yeri geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in bir hat\u0131rlatmada bulunmak isterim; Nahl suresi 103. Ayetinde Allah \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur: \u201cAnd olsun ki biz onlar\u0131n \u201cKur\u2019an\u2019\u0131 Hz. Muhammed\u2019e bir be\u015fer \u00f6\u011fretiyor\u201d dediklerini biliyoruz. Ne var ki onlar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ettikleri ki\u015finin dili yabanc\u0131 bir dildir; Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n dili ise apa\u00e7\u0131k fasih bir Arap\u00e7ad\u0131r.\u201d<\/strong> Rivayetlere g\u00f6re iddia ettikleri bu ki\u015fi Rum diyar\u0131ndan k\u00f6le olarak Mekke\u2019ye gelmi\u015f  Hristiyan Bel\u2019am, Cebra, Addas, Yai\u015f veya Vebr ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan birisidir. \u0130mdi, bu ayette Arap\u00e7a diline vurgu yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 muhakkakt\u0131r. Ama \u015eatibi bu ayeti merkeze alan bir yorumunda meseleyi sadece dil a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirmenin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ederek bunun n\u00fczul toplumundaki Kur\u2019an\u2019a muhatap olan Araplar\u0131n sadece diline de\u011fil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, bilgilerine ve idrak ufuklar\u0131na da te\u015fmil edilmesi gerekti\u011fini, Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Araplar\u0131n bilgi ve idrak ufuklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan muhalif bir beyanda da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. <\/strong>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcmmi <\/strong>kelimesinin bu kapsamda yani verili durumu esas alarak onlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 kimseyi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu k\u0131sa ve \u00f6nemli hat\u0131rlatmadan sonra d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve be\u015finci ayetler Araf s\u00fcresi 157-158 ayetleridir. Muhatap ehli kitap olan Yahudi ve H\u0131ristiyanlard\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle diyor Kur\u2019an: \u201c\u0130\u015fte bu kimseler (ehli kitab; Yahudi ve H\u0131ristiyanlar) vakti geldi\u011finde ellerinin alt\u0131ndaki Tevrat\u2019ta ve \u0130ncil\u2019de kendisinden s\u00f6z edilmi\u015f \u00fcmm\u00ee peygambere<\/strong> uyacak kimselerdir. Bu peygamber onlara iyili\u011fi emredip k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yasaklayacak, onlara temiz ve g\u00fczel \u015feyleri helal, k\u00f6t\u00fc ve \u00e7irkin \u015feyleri haram k\u0131lacak, onlar\u0131 zorlayan h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri hafifletecektir. \u0130\u015fte o peygamber geldi\u011finde, ona inan\u0131p g\u00fcvenen, ona sayg\u0131 g\u00f6steren, ona yard\u0131m eden ve yine ona indirilen nur\u2019a (Kur\u2019an\u2019a) uyanlar var ya, i\u015fte onlar kurtulu\u015fa erecek olanlard\u0131r. (Ey Peygamber!) De ki: \u201cEy insanlar! Bak\u0131n ben hepinize Allah taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f bir el\u00e7iyim. G\u00f6klerde ve yerde mutlak h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k O\u2019nundur. O\u2019ndan ba\u015fka ger\u00e7ek ilah\/Tanr\u0131 yoktur. Can\u0131 veren de alan da O\u2019dur. \u00d6yleyse siz de Allah\u2019a ve O\u2019nun ayetlerine inan\u0131p g\u00fcvenen bu \u00fcmm\u00ee peygambere<\/strong> inan\u0131p g\u00fcvenin; ona uyun ve b\u00f6ylece do\u011fru yola girmi\u015f olun.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kur\u2019an burada Ali \u0130mran 81\u2019de Yahudilerden al\u0131nan s\u00f6z\u00fc nazara veriyor. Onlar\u0131n verdikleri s\u00f6z ellerindeki \u0130lahi kitab\u0131 (Tevrat ve \u0130ncil) tasdik eden bir peygamber zuhur etti\u011finde ona inanmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle hik\u00e2ye edilir bu mesele Kur\u2019an\u2019da: \u201cAllah, vaktiyle (\u0130srail o\u011fullar\u0131ndan\u201d peygamberleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u015fu s\u00f6z\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cSize vahiyler g\u00f6nderip, o vahiylerin mana ve mesaj\u0131n\u0131 anlama, idrak etme (hikmet) kabiliyeti l\u00fctfettikten sonra elinizin alt\u0131nda bulunan kitab\u0131 (Tevrat\u2019\u0131) tasdik edici bir peygamber geldi\u011finde, mutlaka ona inanmal\u0131 ve yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d Allah: \u201cBu ahdi kabul ettiniz, sizlere y\u00fckledi\u011fim a\u011f\u0131r sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fczerinize ald\u0131n\u0131z m\u0131?\u201d dedi\u011finde onlar: \u201cEvet, kabul ettik\u201d diye kesin s\u00f6z verince, Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2: \u201cSiz de \u015fahit olun, zaten Ben de sizinle beraber \u015fahitlik edece\u011fim.\u201d buyurdu.\u201d (3\/81)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n ise s\u00f6z veri\u015ften ziyade Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n kendisinden sonra gelecek Hz. Peygamber\u2019i anlatmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle diyor Hz. \u0130sa: \u201cVaktiyle  Meryem o\u011flu \u0130sa \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBen Allah taraf\u0131ndan size g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f el\u00e7iyim. Elinizdeki Tevrat\u2019\u0131 tasdik etmek ve benden sonra gelecek, ismi ve \u015fahsiyeti Ahmed yani medh u senaya mazhar olacak bir peygamberi m\u00fcjdelemek \u00fczere g\u00f6nderildim.\u201d (61\/6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geriye d\u00f6necek olursak; Araf s\u00fcresi 157. ayette  \u201cer-res\u00fclen nebiyye\u2019l \u00fcmmiyye\u201d, 158 de \u201cve rasulihi en-nebiyyi\u2019l \u00fcmmiyyi\u201d<\/strong> \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en beyanlar Hz. Peygamberin okuma-yazma bilmedi\u011fi \u015feklindeki hakim kanaatin delilleri olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halbuki kelimenin n\u00fczul toplumundaki kullan\u0131m alan\u0131ndan hareketle diyebiliriz ki burada ehli kitab olmayan bir kavme mensup olmas\u0131 manas\u0131 daha a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.  Ayetin siyak ve sibak\u0131 buna daha m\u00fcsait ve hayat\u0131n realitelerine daha uygundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla beraber her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7ine alan \u015f\u00f6yle bir mana verilmesi daha temkinli olabilir: \u201c\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu okuma yazma bilmeyen, ilahi vahye muhatap olmayan ve vahiy k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden bihaber bir kavme mensup Mekke\u2019li \u00fcmmi el\u00e7i ve peygamber.\u201d  Nitekim kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve \u00f6zellikle ilk 4-5 as\u0131rda kaleme al\u0131nan tefsirler bunu tercih etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki ayetle alakal\u0131 olarak sonu\u00e7 olarak \u015funu diyebiliriz; ayette ge\u00e7en \u201c\u00fcmm\u00ee resul ve peygamber\u201d spesifik olarak Hz. Peygamberin okuma yazma bilmedi\u011fini kesinlikle ortaya koyan bir delil de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcmm\u00ee<\/strong> kelimesinin Kur\u2019an\u2019da ge\u00e7ti\u011fi alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve son ayet Cum\u2019a suresinde yer almaktad\u0131r. \u201cO, \u00fcmm\u00eelere<\/strong>, i\u00e7lerinden, kendilerine ayetlerini okuyan, onlar\u0131 temizleyen, onlara kitab\u0131 ve hikmeti \u00f6\u011freten bir peygamber g\u00f6nderendir. Halbuki onlar, bundan \u00f6nce apa\u00e7\u0131k bir dalalet i\u00e7inde idiler.\u201d (62\/2)  Burada \u00fcmm\u00eeler<\/strong> kimlerdir? Okuma yazma bimeyenler mi, Mekke\u2019liler mi, ehl-i kitap dolay\u0131s\u0131yla vahy k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip olmayanlar m\u0131? S\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda her \u00fc\u00e7 mana da muhtemildir. Konsept a\u00e7\u0131dan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise Peygamber Efendimizin de bir fert olarak i\u00e7inde ne\u015fet etti\u011fi ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arap toplumudur. Zaten Araplar\u0131n Arap olmayanlara acem dedi\u011fi gibi ehli kitab\u0131n da Araplara \u00fcmm\u00ee dedi\u011fi tarihen sabittir.<\/strong> A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sair deliller ve yorumlarda da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz \u00fczere kim, nerede duruyor ve hangi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kailse ayete ona g\u00f6re mana vermektedir. Kimisi \u201cO, Mekke\u2019lilere; O ehli kitap olmayan bir kavme; ya da okuma yazma dahi bilmeyen cahil bir kavme.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kur\u2019an ayetleri ile alakal\u0131 genel de\u011ferlendirme ile yaz\u0131ya son verip hadisler ve tarihi hadiselerle devam edelim; Kur\u2019an\u2019da bu kelimenin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131 ayetten hareketle \u201cHz. Peygamber okuma yazma bilmezdi\u201d demek \u00e7ok aceleden verilmi\u015f, haks\u0131z hatta yanl\u0131\u015f bir yarg\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eunu demek \u00e7ok daha do\u011frudur; tekil ve \u00e7o\u011ful formuyla \u00fcmm\u00ee ge\u00e7en hi\u00e7bir ayette ne fert olarak Hz. Peygamberin ne de onun da bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu Arap toplumunun okuma yazma bilmeyen ki\u015fi\/ler oldu\u011funa bir vurgu yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: TR724<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

YORUM | AHMET KURUCAN Baz\u0131 sebeplerden dolay\u0131 bir m\u00fcddet yaz\u0131 serisine ara vermek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in bir c\u00fcmlelik k\u0131sa bir hat\u0131rlatma ile ba\u015flamak istiyorum. Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (sas) \u00fcmm\u00eeli\u011fi \u00fczerinde duruyor ve \u00fcmm\u00ee kavram\u0131n\u0131n hangi anlamda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131yorduk. Bu kavram\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u00fck manalar\u0131n\u0131 ilk yaz\u0131da vermi\u015f, ikinci yaz\u0131da \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesinin Kur\u2019an\u2019daki anlamlar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Kur\u2019an\u2019da \u00fcmm\u00ee kelimesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 2\u2019si tekil, 4\u2019\u00fc \u00e7o\u011ful formunda 6 ayet-i kerime …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4688,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,410],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4687"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4687"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4687\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4710,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4687\/revisions\/4710"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.kocar.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}